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Encyclopedia > Liquid
A diagram of how the configuration of molecules/atoms differs for the solid, liquid, and gas phases.
A typical phase diagram. The dotted line gives the anomalous behaviour of water. The green lines show how the freezing point can vary with pressure, and the blue line shows how the boiling point can vary with pressure. The red line shows the boundary where sublimation or deposition can occur.

## Contents

A liquid's shape is confined to, not determined by, the container it fills. That is to say, liquid particles (normally molecules or clusters of molecules) are free to move about the volume, but they form a discrete surface that may not necessarily be the same as the vessel. The same cannot be said about a gas; it can also be considered a fluid, but it must conform to the shape of the container entirely. In science, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ... For other uses, see Gas (disambiguation). ...

The volume of a quantity of liquid is fixed by its temperature and pressure. Unless this volume exactly matches the volume of the container, a surface is observed. Liquids in a gravitational field, like all fluids, exert pressure on the sides of a container as well as on anything within the liquid itself. This pressure is transmitted in all directions and increases with depth. In the study of fluid dynamics, liquids are often treated as incompressible, especially when studying incompressible flow. For other uses, see Volume (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). ... This article is about pressure in the physical sciences. ... In mathematics, an incompressible surface is a kind of two-dimensional surface inside of a 3-manifold. ... In fluid mechanics, an incompressible fluid is a fluid whose density (often represented by the Greek letter ρ) is constant: it is the same throughout the field and it does not change through time. ...

If a liquid is at rest in a uniform gravitational field, the pressure $p$ at any point is given by A gravitational field is a model used within physics to explain how gravity exists in the universe. ... This article is about pressure in the physical sciences. ...

$p=rho g z$

where:

$rho$ = the density of the liquid (assumed constant)
$g$ = gravity
$z$ = the depth of the point below the surface.

Note that this formula assumes that the pressure at the free surface is zero, and that surface tension effects may be neglected. For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ... This box:      Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid that causes it to behave as an elastic sheet. ...

Liquids generally expand when heated, and contract when cooled. Water between 0 °C and 4 °C is a notable exception; this is why ice floats. Liquids have little compressibility : water, for example, does not change its density appreciably unless subject to pressure of the order of hundreds bar. Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... This article is about water ice. ... Fluid Dynamics Compressibility (physics) is a measure of the relative volume change of fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change: . For a gas the magnitude of the compressibility depends strongly on whether the process is adiabatic or isothermal, while this difference is small in... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ...

## Liquid measures

Quantities of liquids are commonly measured in units of volume. These include the litre, not an SI unit, and the cubic metre (m³) which is an SI unit. For other uses, see Volume (disambiguation). ... Look up si, Si, SI in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The cubic meter (symbol mÂ³) is the SI derived unit of volume. ...

Look up Liquid in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... A multiphasic liquid, also known as a multiphasic liquid-liquid-liquid system, is a mixture consisting of more than two immiscible liquid phases. ... For other uses, see Viscosity (disambiguation). ... This box:      Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid that causes it to behave as an elastic sheet. ... Long exposure image of multi-bubble sonoluminescence created by a high intensity ultrasonic horn immersed in a beaker of liquid. ...

## Notes

1. ^ White, Frank (2003). Fluid mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 4. ISBN 0-07-240217-2.
2. ^ Liquid Elements

Results from FactBites:

 Liquid Sculpture - Water Drop Art (410 words) Martin Waugh's Liquid Sculpture images are water art photographs of fascinating liquid shapes that were created by dropping and splashing water, or other liquids. The shapes are affected by many things: the physical properties of the liquid, such as surface tension and viscosity, as well as the timing of the drops and when the camera's shutter is opened and flash fired. Wendy W. Zhang from the University of Chicago presented an illuminating paper on capturing liquid motion and water drops in Boulder in 2006.
 Chem4Kids.com: Matter: Liquids (346 words) Another trait of liquids is that they are difficult to compress. Liquids are in the middle but tend to be difficult. Liquids already have their atoms close together, so they are hard to compress.
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