Guglielmo Marconi
Born	April 25, 1874(1874-04-25) Palazzo Marescalchi, Bologna, Italy
Died	July 20, 1937 (aged 63) Rome, Italy
Known for	Radio
Notable awards	Nobel Prize for Physics (1909)
Religious stance	Roman Catholic

Marchese Guglielmo Marconi [guʎ'ʎe:lmo mar'ko:ni] (25 April 1874 - 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, best known for his development of a radiotelegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun, "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".^[1] Later in life, Marconi was an active Italian Fascist^[2] and an apologist for their ideology (such as the attack by Italian forces in Ethiopia). For the controversy about who invented radio, see Invention of radio. ... // Within the timeline of radio, many people were involved in the invention of radio transmission of information as we know it today. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 424 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1040 × 1470 pixels, file size: 137 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Date Copyright 1908 Author Pack Brothers Permission (Reusing this image) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For the food product, see Bologna sausage. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... A Marquess is a nobleman of hereditary rank in Europe and Japan. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Radio (disambiguation). ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 in Fulda, Germany – 20 April 1918 in New York City, U.S.) was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. ... Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Apologetics is the field of study concerned with the systematic defense of a position. ... There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology and where fascism fits on the political spectrum. ... Combatants Kingdom of Italy Ethiopian Empire Commanders Benito Mussolini Emilio De Bono Pietro Badoglio Rodolfo Graziani Haile Selassie Ras Imru Strength 800,000 combatants (only ~330,000 mobilized) ~250,000 combatants Casualties 10,000 killed1 (est. ...

Early Years

Marconi was born near Bologna, Italy, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian landowner, and his Irish wife, Annie Jameson, granddaughter of the founder of the Jameson Whiskey distillery. Marconi was educated in Bologna, Florence and, later, in Livorno. As a child Marconi didn't do well in school.^[3] Baptized as a Catholic, he was a member of the Anglican Church. For the food product, see Bologna sausage. ... Languages Italian, Sicilian, Neapolitan, Corsican, Sardinian, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Ligurian, Lombard, Piedmontese, Venetian, Ladin, Friulian Religions predominantly Roman Catholic      The Italians are a Southern European ethnic group found primarily in Italy and in a wide-ranging diaspora throughout Western Europe, the Americas and Australia. ... Landowner or Landholder is a holder of the estate in land with considerable rights of ownership or, simply put, an owner of land. ... Jameson is a blended Irish whiskey, first produced in 1780. ... This box:      Anglicanism most commonly refers to the beliefs and practices of the Anglican Communion, a world-wide affiliation of Christian Churches, most of which have historical connections with the Church of England. ...

Radio work

During his early years, Marconi had an interest in science and electricity. One of the scientific developments during this era came from Heinrich Hertz, who, beginning in 1888, demonstrated that one could produce and detect electromagnetic radiation—now generally known as "radio waves", at the time more commonly called "Hertzian waves" or "aetheric waves". Hertz's death in 1894 brought published reviews of his earlier discoveries, and a renewed interest on the part of Marconi. He was permitted to briefly study the subject under Augusto Righi, a University of Bologna physicist who had done research on Hertz's work. Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ... Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 - January 1, 1894) was the German physicist and mechanician for whom the hertz, an SI unit, is named. ... This box:      Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a self-propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. ... Augusto Righi (Bologna August 27, 1850-Bologna June 8, 1920) was an Italian physicist and pioneer of the study of electromagnetism. ... The University of Bologna (Italian: , UNIBO) is the oldest continually operating degree-granting university in the world, and the second biggest university in Italy. ...

Early experimental devices

Marconi began to conduct experiments, building much of his own equipment in the attic of his home at the Villa Griffone in Pontecchio, Italy. His goal was to use radio waves to create a practical system of "wireless telegraphy"—i.e. the transmission of telegraph messages without connecting wires as used by the electric telegraph. This was not a new idea—numerous investigators had been exploring wireless telegraph technologies for over 50 years, but none had proven commercially successful. Marconi did not discover any new and revolutionary principle in his wireless-telegraph system, but rather he assembled and improved an array of facts, unified and adapted them to his system.^[4] Marconi's system had the following components:^[5] Wireless telegraphy is the practice of remote writing (see telegraphy) without the wires normally involved in an electrical telegraph. ... ...

• A relatively simple oscillator, or spark producing radio transmitter, which was closely modeled after one designed by Righi, in turn similar to what Hertz had used;
• A wire or capacity area placed at a height above the ground;
• A coherer receiver, which was a modification of Edouard Branly's original device, with refinements to increase sensitivity and reliability;
• A telegraph key to operate the transmitter to send short and long pulses, corresponding to the dots-and-dashes of Morse code; and
• A telegraph register, activated by the coherer, which recorded the received Morse code dots and dashes onto a roll of paper tape.

Similar configurations using spark-gap transmitters plus coherer-receivers had been tried by others, but many were unable to achieve transmission ranges of more than a few hundred metres. This was not the case for all researchers in the field of the wireless arts, though. ^[6][7] Oscillation is the periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure as seen, for example, in a swinging pendulum. ... A typical spark transmitter circuit. ... The coherer was the first device used to detect radio signals in wireless telegraphy. ... Eugène Édouard Désiré Branly (23 October 1844 - 24 March 1940) was a French physicist. ... Telegraph key Telegraph key (also known as the Morse key) is a generic term for any switching device used primarily to send Morse code. ... 1922 Chart of the Morse Code Letters and Numerals Morse code is a method for transmitting telegraphic information, using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters, numerals, punctuation and special characters of a message. ...

At first, Marconi could only signal over limited distances. In the summer of 1895 he moved his experimentation outdoors. After increasing the length of the transmitter and receiver antennas, and arranging them vertically, and positioning the antenna so that it touched the ground, the range increased significantly.^[8] (Although Marconi may not have understood until later the reason, the "ground connections" allowed the earth to act as a waveguide resonator for the surface wave signal.^[9]) Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 1.5 kilometres (1 mile). By this point he concluded that with additional funding and research, a device could become capable of spanning greater distances and would prove valuable both commercially and militarily. Look up waveguide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A resonator is a device or part that vibrates (or oscillates) with waves. ... // In physics, a surface wave can refer to a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media, usually two fluids with different densities. ...

Finding limited interest in his work in Italy, in early 1896 at the age of 21, Marconi traveled to London, England, accompanied by his mother to seek support for his work. (Marconi spoke fluent English in addition to Italian.) While there, he gained the interest and support of William Preece, the Chief Electrical Engineer of the British Post Office. The apparatus that Marconi possessed at that time was strikingly similar to that of one in 1882 by A. E. Dolbear, of Tufts College, which used a spark coil generator and a carbon granular rectifier for reception.^[10][11] A series of demonstrations for the British government followed—by March, 1897, Marconi had transmitted Morse code signals over a distance of about 6 kilometres (4 miles) across the Salisbury Plain. On 13 May 1897, Marconi sent the first ever wireless communication over water. It transversed the Bristol Channel from Lavernock Point (South Wales) to Flat Holm Island, a distance of 6 kilometres (3.5 miles). The message read "Are you ready". ^[12]. The receiving equipment was almost immediately relocated to Brean Down Fort on the Devon coast, stretching the range to 16 kilometres (10 miles). This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... William Henry Preece Sir William Henry Preece (1834-1913) was a Welsh electrical engineer and inventor. ... Amos Emerson Dolbear (November 10, 1837 – February 23, 1910) was an American inventor. ... Tufts University is a university located in Medford, Massachusetts (near Boston). ... The Cats Whisker is the tiny wire that connects to the detector in a crystal radio. ... This article is about the plateau in southern England; Salisbury Plain is also an area on South Georgia Island. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Satellite view of the Bristol Channel Map of the Bristol Channel The Bristol Channel (Welsh: ) is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from the West Country and extending from the lower estuary of the River Severn (Afon Hafren) to that part of the North... Lavernock Point is a headland on the coast of South Wales, and lies 8km south of Cardiff and 6km east of Barry, Vale of Glamorgan. ... Approximate extent of South East Wales. ... Flat Holm (Welsh: Ynys Echni) is a Welsh island lying in the Bristol Channel approximately 3. ... Brean Down Fort was built on Brean Down near Weston-super-Mare, Somerset between 1864 and 1871 on the recommendations of the 1859 Royal Commission. ...

Impressed by these and other demonstrations, Preece introduced Marconi's ongoing work to the general public at two important London lectures: "Telegraphy without Wires", at the Toynbee Hall on 11 December 1896; and "Signalling through Space without Wires", given to the Royal Institute on 4 June 1897. Toynbee Hall is the original university settlement house. ... is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Numerous additional demonstrations followed, and Marconi began to receive international attention. In July, 1897 he carried out a series of tests at La Spezia in his home country, for the Italian government. A test for Lloyds between Ballycastle and Rathlin Island, Ireland, was conducted on 6 July 1898. The English channel was crossed on 27 March 1899, from Wimereux, France to South Foreland Lighthouse, England, and in the fall of 1899, the first demonstrations in the United States took place, with the reporting of the America's Cup international yacht races at New York. According to the Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute by the United States Naval Institute, the Marconi instruments were tested around 1899 and the tests concerning his wireless system found that the "[...] coherer, principle of which was discovered some twenty years ago, [was] the only electrical instrument or device contained in the apparatus that is at all new". ^[13] La Spezia (Spèsa in the local dialect of Ligurian) is a city in the Liguria region of northern Italy, at the head of La Spezia Gulf, and capital city of the province of La Spezia. ... Ballycastle (Baile an Chaistil in Irish) is a small town in County Antrim in Northern Ireland. ... Rathlin Islands location Bird sanctuary on Rathlin Island False-colour NASA Landsat image showing Rathlin, the Antrim coast, and Kintyre Rathlin Island (Irish: Reachlainn) is an island off the coast of County Antrim in Northern Ireland, and is the northernmost point of the region. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For the Thoroughbred racehorse of the same name, see English Channel (horse). ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Wimereux is a commune of the Pas-de-Calais département, in France. ... South Foreland Lighthouse is a Victorian lighthouse on the South Foreland in St. ... This article is about the yachting competition. ... The United States Naval Institute is a non-profit, professional organization in the United States related to the Navy. ...

Transatlantic transmissions

Marconi watching associates raise kite antenna at St. John's, December, 1901

“	See if you can hear anything, Mr. Kemp![14]	”

100th anniversary of Marconi's transatlantic wireless transmission, commemorated on a 2001 British two pound coin.

Around the turn of the century, Marconi began investigating the means to signal completely across the Atlantic, in order to compete with the transatlantic telegraph cables. Marconi soon made the announcement that on 12 December 1901, using a 152.4 m (500 foot) kite-supported antenna for reception, the message was received at Signal Hill in St John's, Newfoundland (now part of Canada) signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at Poldhu, Cornwall. The distance between the two points was about 3,500 kilometres (2,100 miles). Heralded as a great scientific advance, there was -- and continues to be -- some skepticism about this claim, partly because the signals had been heard faintly and sporadically. There was no independent confirmation of the reported reception, and the transmission, consisting of the Morse code letter S sent repeatedly were difficult to discern from atmospheric noise. (A detailed technical review of Marconi's early transatlantic work appears in John S. Belrose's work of 1995.)^[15] The Poldhu transmitter was a two-stage circuit.^[16][17] The first stage operated at lower voltage and provided the energy for the second stage to spark at a higher voltage. Nikola Tesla, a rival in transalantic transmission, stated after being told of Marconi's reported transmission that "Marconi [... was] using seventeen of my patents."^[18][19] Image File history File linksMetadata Marconi_at_newfoundland. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Marconi_at_newfoundland. ... UK 2001 Marconi commemorative £2 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... UK 2001 Marconi commemorative £2 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... // Obverse of the commemorative £2 coin The British commemorative two pound (£2) coin was minted from the same composition as the £1 coin, i. ... Fin de siècle is French for End of the Century. The term turn-of-the-century is sometimes used as a synonym, but is more neutral (lacking some or most of the connotations described below), and can include the first years of a new century. ... The first transatlantic telegraph cable crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Foilhommerum, Valentia Island, in western Ireland to Hearts Content, in eastern Newfoundland. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of Saint Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Nickname: Motto: Avancez (Go forward) Coordinates: , Country Province Established August 5, 1583 by Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I Government  - City Mayor Andy Wells  - Governing body St. ... This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Poldhu is a small area in south Cornwall, UK, situated on the Lizard Peninsula it comprises Poldhu Point and Poldhu Cove. ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)[1] was a world-renowned Serbian inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. ... Nikola Tesla with his invention, a wireless lightbulb powered by the electric field surrounding it. ...

Feeling challenged by skeptics, Marconi prepared a better organized and documented test. In February, 1902, the SS Philadelphia sailed west from Great Britain with Marconi aboard, carefully recording signals sent daily from the Poldhu station. The test results produced coherer-tape reception up to 2,496 kilometres (1,551 miles), and audio reception up to 3,378 kilometres (2,099 miles). Interestingly, the maximum distances were achieved at night, and these tests were the first to show that for mediumwave and longwave transmissions, radio signals travel much farther at night than in the day. During the daytime, signals had only been received up to about 1,125 kilometres (700 miles), less than half of the distance claimed earlier at Newfoundland, where the transmissions had also taken place during the day. Because of this, Marconi had not fully confirmed the Newfoundland claims, although he did prove that radio signals could be sent for hundreds of kilometres, despite some scientists's belief they were essentially limited to line-of-sight distances. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Mediumwave radio transmissions serves as the most common band for broadcasting. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. On 18 January 1903, a Marconi station built near Wellfleet, Massachusetts in 1901 sent a message of greetings from Theodore Roosevelt, the President of the United States, to King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, marking the first transatlantic radio transmission originating in the United States. However, consistent transatlantic signalling was difficult to establish. December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Glace Bay is a community located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality on Cape Breton Island, which forms the north-eastern part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Settled: 1724 â€“ Incorporated: 1775 Zip Code(s): 02667 â€“ Area Code(s): 508 / 774 Official website: http://www. ... For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... Edward VII King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India His Majesty King Edward VII (9 November 1841–6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the Commonwealth realms, and the Emperor of India. ...

Marconi began to build high-powered stations on both sides of the Atlantic to communicate with ships at sea, in competition with other inventors. In 1904 a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers. A regular transatlantic radiotelegraph service was finally begun on 17 October 1907 between Clifden Ireland and Glace Bay, but even after this the company struggled for many years to provide reliable communication. Clifden (in Irish, An Clochán meaning bee-hive cell) is a town on the coast of County Galway, Ireland and being Connemaras largest town, it is often referred to as the Capital of Connemara. It is located on the Owenglin River where it flows into Clifden Bay. ... Glace Bay is a community located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality on Cape Breton Island, which forms the north-eastern part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ...

Titanic

The two radio operators aboard the Titanic were not employed by the White Star Line but by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company. Following the sinking of the ocean liner, survivors were rescued by the Carpathia. When it docked in New York, Marconi went aboard with a reporter from the New York Times.^[20] On 18 June 1912, Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry into the loss of the Titanic regarding the marine telegraphy's functions and the procedures for emergencies at sea.^[21] For other uses, see Titanic (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see White star. ... RMS Carpathia The RMS Carpathia was a Cunard Line transatlantic passenger steamship built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ...

Patent disputes

Main articles: invention of radio and history of radio.

Marconi's work built upon the discoveries of numerous other scientists and experimenters. His original "two-circuit" equipment, consisting of a spark-gap transmitter plus a coherer-receiver, was similar to those used by other experimenters, and in particular to that employed by Oliver Lodge in a series of widely reported demonstrations in 1894. There were claims that Marconi was able to signal for greater distances than anyone else when using the spark-gap and coherer combination, but these have been disputed (notably by Tesla).^[22] // Within the timeline of radio, many people were involved in the invention of radio transmission of information as we know it today. ... For the controversy about who invented radio, see Invention of radio. ... Vanity Fair cartoon. ... Tesla may refer to: In science: Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-American physicist, inventor, and electrical engineer List of Tesla patents IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, an annual award given by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Nikola Tesla Museum, Belgrade, Serbia Nikola Tesla elementary school, Novi Sad, Serbia Nikola...

In 1900 Alexander Stepanovich Popov stated to the Congress of Russian Electrical Engineers that: "[...] the emission and reception of signals by Marconi by means of electric oscillations [was] nothing new. In America, the famous engineer Nikola Tesla carried the same experiments in 1893."^[23] Alexander Popov (1859-1905) Alexander Stepanovich Popov (Russian: Александр Степанович Попов) (March 4/16 1859 - January 13/December 31 1905/6) was a Russian physicist who publicly demonstrated the transmission of radio waves (but did not apply for a patent for this invention). ... Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)[1] was a world-renowned Serbian inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. ...

The Fascist regime in Italy credited Marconi with the first improvised arrangement in the development of radio.^[24] There was controversy whether his contribution was sufficient to deserve patent protection, or if his devices were too close to the original ones developed by Hertz, Popov, Branley, Tesla, and Lodge to be patentable. The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF) was an Italian party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Fascism (previously represented by groups known as Fasci; see also Italian fascism). ...

While Marconi did pioneering demonstrations for the time, his equipment was limited by being essentially untuned, which greatly restricted the number of spark-gap radio transmitters which could operate simultaneously in a geographical area without causing mutually disruptive interference. (Continuous-wave transmitters were naturally more selective and less prone to this deficiency). Marconi addressed this defect with a patent application for a much more sophisticated "four-circuit" design, which featured two tuned-circuits at both the transmitting and receiving antennas. This was issued as British patent number 7,777 on 26 April 1900. However, this patent came after significant earlier work had been done on electrical tuning by Nikola Tesla. (As a defensive move, in 1911 the Marconi Company purchased the Lodge-Muirhead Syndicate, whose primary asset was Oliver Lodge's 1897 tuning patent.) Thus, the "four-sevens" patent and its equivalents in other countries was the subject of numerous legal challenges, with rulings which varied by jurisdiction, from full validation of Marconi's tuning patent to complete nullification. is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)[1] was a world-renowned Serbian inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. ...

In 1943, a lawsuit regarding Marconi's numerous other radio patents was resolved in the United States. The court decision was based on the prior work conducted by others, including Nikola Tesla, Oliver Lodge, and John Stone Stone, from which some of Marconi patents (such as U.S. Patent 763,772 ) stemmed. The U. S. Supreme Court stated that, Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)[1] was a world-renowned Serbian inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. ... Vanity Fair cartoon. ... John Stone Stone (September 24, 1869 – May 20, 1943) was an American mathematician, physicist and inventor. ...

The Tesla patent No. 645,576, applied for September 2, 1897 and allowed March 20, 1900, disclosed a four-circuit system, having two circuits each at transmitter and receiver, and recommended that all four circuits be tuned to the same frequency. [... He] recognized that his apparatus could, without change, be used for wireless communication, which is dependent upon the transmission of electrical energy.^[25]

In making their decision, the court noted,

Marconi's reputation as the man who first achieved successful radio transmission rests on his original patent, which became reissue No. 11,913, and which is not here [320 U.S. 1, 38] in question. That reputation, however well-deserved, does not entitle him to a patent for every later improvement which he claims in the radio field. Patent cases, like others, must be decided not by weighing the reputations of the litigants, but by careful study of the merits of their respective contentions and proofs."^[26]

The court also stated that,

It is well established that as between two inventors priority of invention will be awarded to the one who by satisfying proof can show that he first conceived of the invention."^[27]

The case was resolved in the U.S. Supreme Court by overturning most of Marconi's patents. At the time, the United States Army was involved in a patent infringement lawsuit with Marconi's company regarding radio, leading observers to posit that the government nullified Marconi's other patents to render moot claims for compensation (as, it is speculated, the government's initial reversal to grant Marconi the patent right in order to nullify any claims Tesla had for compensation). In contrast to the United States system, Mr. Justice Parker of the British High Court of Justice upheld Marconi's "four-sevens" tuning patent. These proceedings made up only a part of a long series of legal struggles, as major corporations jostled for advantage in a new and important industry. The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ...

Continuing work

Over the years, the Marconi companies gained a reputation for being technically conservative, in particular by continuing to use inefficient spark-transmitter technology, which could only be used for radiotelegraph operations, long after it was apparent that the future of radio communication lay with continuous-wave transmissions, which were more efficient and could be used for audio transmissions. Somewhat belatedly, the company did begin significant work with continuous-wave equipment beginning in 1915, after the introduction of the oscillating vacuum tube (valve). In 1920, employing a vacuum tube transmitter, the Chelmsford Marconi factory was the location for the first entertainment radio broadcasts in the United Kingdom—one of these featured Dame Nellie Melba. In 1922 regular entertainment broadcasts commenced from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle. A continuous wave (CW) (or Continous Waveform) is an electromagnetic wave of constant amplitude and frequency; and in mathematical analysis, of infinite duration. ... Arms of Chelmsford Borough Council This article is about the town of Chelmsford in Essex. ... Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. ... Portrait of Dame Nellie Melba GBE by Henry Walter Barnett Dame Nellie Melba, GBE (19 May 1861 – 23 February 1931), born Helen Porter Mitchell, legendary Australian opera soprano and probably the most famous of all sopranos, was the first Australian to achieve international recognition in the form. ... Marconi Research Centre is the former name of the current BAE Systems facility at Great Baddow in Essex. ... Statistics Population: Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: TL679063 Administration District: Chelmsford Shire county: Essex Region: East of England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Essex Historic county: Essex Services Police force: Essex Police Ambulance service: East of England Post office and telephone Post town: CHELMSFORD Postal...

Later Years

In 1914 Marconi was made a Senator in the Italian Senate and appointed Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in the UK. During World War I, Italy joined the Allied side of the conflict, and Marconi was placed in charge of the Italian military's radio service. In 1924, he was made a marchese by King Victor Emmanuel III. Palazzo Madama house of the Senate of the Republic. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... A Marquess is a nobleman of hereditary rank in Europe and Japan. ... Victor Emmanuel III Victor Emmanuel III (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele III) (November 11, 1869 - December 28, 1947), nicknamed The Soldier, was the King of Italy (July 29, 1900 - May 9, 1946), and claimed the titles Emperor of Ethiopia (1936 - 1943) and King of Albania (1939 - 1943). ...

Marconi joined the Italian Fascist party in 1923. In 1930, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini appointed him President of the Accademia d'Italia, which made Marconi a member of the Fascist Grand Council. Marconi was a participant in rallies that fostered fascist beliefs and composed fascist propaganda. Marconi also made speeches as an apologist for the actions of the fascist regime in Italy. Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Mussolini redirects here. ... The Accademia dei Lincei, (literally the Academy of the Lynxes, but also known as the Lincean Academy), is located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy. ... The Grand Council of Fascism (Italian: ) was the main body of Mussolinis Fascist government in Italy. ...

In 1935, Italian forces occupied the African nation of Ethiopia, resulting in near universal condemnation of Italy. Marconi made numerous radio speeches supporting the unprovoked attack, notorious enough that the BBC banned him from speaking on the subject. Marconi was pro-war in the era between the First and Second World War, and he was condemned for such beliefs by many.^[29] Combatants Kingdom of Italy Ethiopian Empire Commanders Benito Mussolini Emilio De Bono Pietro Badoglio Rodolfo Graziani Haile Selassie Ras Imru Strength 800,000 combatants (only ~330,000 mobilized) ~250,000 combatants Casualties 10,000 killed1 (est. ...

Marconi died in Rome in 1937 at age 63, and Italy held a state funeral for Marconi. As a tribute, all radio stations throughout the world observed two minutes of silence. His remains are housed in the Villa Griffone at Sasso Marconi, Emilia-Romagna, which assumed that name in his honour in 1938. Sasso Marconi, 44°23′ N 11°14′ E, 128 m (420 ft) above sea‑level, is a town and comune of Bologna province in Italy, 17 kilometres SSW of Bologna, with 13. ... Emilia-Romagna is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ...

Personal life and other facts

Family

• On 16 March 1905, Marconi married Beatrice O'Brien (1882-1976), daughter of Edward Donough O'Brien, 14th Baron Inchiquin, Ireland. They had three daughters (one of whom lived only a few weeks), and a son. They divorced in 1924 and the marriage was annulled in 1927.
• On 15 June 1927, Marconi married Maria Cristina Bezzi-Scali (1900-1994) — they would have a single daughter.
• Marconi's children were Degna (1908-1998), Gioia (1916-1996), Giulio (1910-1971), and Elettra (born 1930).
• Marconi had a brother, Alfonso, and a stepbrother, Luigi.

Miscellaneous

• Premier Benito Mussolini was Marconi's best man when he married his second wife in 1927.^[30][31]
• Marconi's Italian military service consisted of serving in the Italian Army (commissioned 1914 as Lieutenant) and the Italian Navy (Commander).
• The Bologna Airport (BLQ) is named after Guglielmo Marconi.
• A Marconi memorial statue stands on Telegraph Hill in San Francisco.
• A section of the town of Copiague, USA, was once named Marconiville after Guglielmo Marconi. On Great Neck Road there is an old gate which still reads "Marconiville".
• Marconi Stallions, a football club in Australia is named after Guglielmo Marconi.
• Villa Marconi, a retirement home located in Nepean, Ontario is named after Marconi. The home has a large Italian population.
• The Dutch radio academy bestows the Marconi Awards annually for outstanding radio programmes, presenters and stations.
• La Scuola D'Italia, a private Italian school in New York's Upper East Side, is named after Marconi.
• Marconi Avenue, a street on The Hill, St. Louis is named after Marconi. The neighborhood has a large Italian population.
• A commemorative British two pound coin was released in 2001 celebrating the 100th anniversary of Marconi's first wireless communication.

is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1905 (disambiguation). ... The title Baron Inchiquin is one of the older titles in the Peerage of Ireland. ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mussolini redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Bologna Airport (Italian: Aeroporto di Bologna) or Guglielmo Marconi Airport (IATA: BLQ, ICAO: LIPE) is an airport serving the city of Bologna in Italy. ... Coit Tower (photo courtesy of Michael Doeff) Coit Tower is a notable landmark dedicated to the San Francisco, California firefighters. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Copiague (pronounced /KOH payg/) is a hamlet (and census-designated place) located in Suffolk County, New York. ... The Marconi Stallions are an Australian football (soccer) club from Sydney, Australia. ... Soccer redirects here. ... Nepean (pronounced ne-PEE-yin) was a local municipality adjacent to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada until it was amalgamated with the 10 other municipalities that formed the Regional Municipality of Ottawa Carleton in 2001 to become the new city of Ottawa. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor David C. Onley Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 107 Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area... . ... // Obverse of the commemorative £2 coin The British commemorative two pound (£2) coin was minted from the same composition as the £1 coin, i. ...

Patents

is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff (January 15, 1803 – December 20, 1887) was a German instrument maker who developed and commercialised the induction coil (often referred to as the Ruhmkorff coil. ... 1922 Chart of the Morse Code Letters and Numerals Morse code is a method for transmitting telegraphic information, using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters, numerals, punctuation and special characters of a message. ...

See also

General

Invention of radio, List of people on stamps of Ireland, Jagdish Chandra Bose

// Within the timeline of radio, many people were involved in the invention of radio transmission of information as we know it today. ... This is a list of people on the postage stamps of the Republic of Ireland, including the years when they appeared on a stamp. ... Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (Bengali: জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু Jôgdish Chôndro Boshu) (November 30, 1858 – November 23, 1937) was a Bengali physicist from undivided India, who pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics. ...

Notes

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)[1] was a world-renowned Serbian inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. ...

Further reading

Hawley Harvey Crippen (11 September 1862 – 23 November 1910), usually known as Dr. Crippen, was hanged in Pentonville Prison, London, England, on November 23, 1910 for murdering his wife. ... Marconi may be: People Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) Corporations: Alenia Marconi Systems GEC Marconi Marconi plc (formerly GEC) Marconi Electronic Systems Matra Marconi Space This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Guglielmo Marconi

General

• Guglielmo Marconi Foundation, Pontecchio Marconi, Bologna, Italy
• Canadian Heritage Minute featuring Marconi
• Guglielmo Marconi documentary narrated by Walter Cronkite
• Nobel Prize: Guglielmo Marconi biography
• Marconi Corporation's Marconi Calling
• Review of Signor Marconi's Magic Box
• Information about Marconi and his yacht Elettra
• Comitato Guglielmo Marconi International, Bologna, Italy
• I diari di laboratorio di Guglielmo Marconi
• Marconi il 5 marzo 1896, presenta a Londra la prima richiesta provvisoria di brevetto, col numero 5028 e col titolo "Miglioramenti nella telegrafia e relativi apparati"
• List of British and French patents (1896-1924)
• Sparks Telegraph Key Review An exhaustive listing of wireless telegraph key manufacturers including photos of most Marconi keys
• Cherished Television, Part one: The Pioneers
• Marconi Belmar station, InfoAge. (See also, Marconi Period of Significance Historic Buildings)
• Marconi on the 2000 Italian Lire banknote.
• Marconi's Use of Kites to Assist Wireless Communication [1]
• Marconi's Case File at The Franklin Institute with info about his 1918 Franklin Medal for application of radio waves to communications
• History of Marconi House
• Marconi Memorial in Washington, DC

Transatlantic "signals"

• BBC Reference to his first transmission over water
• Faking the Waves, 1901
• Marconi and His South Wellfleet Wireless (Cape Cod National Seashore

Priority of invention

vs Tesla

• PBS: Marconi and Tesla: Who invented radio?
• The Guglielmo Marconi Case Who is the True Inventor of Radio
• U.S. Supreme Court, "Marconi Wireless Telegraph co. of America v. United States". 320 U.S. 1. Nos. 369, 373. Argued April 9-12, 1943. Decided June 21, 1943.
• 21st Century Books: Priority in the Invention of Radio — Tesla vs. Marconi

vs Popov Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ...

• Who started the electronic era?