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Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007) | Gordon Willard Allport (November 11, 1897 - October 9, 1967) was an American psychologist. He was born in Montezuma, Indiana, the youngest of four brothers. One of his older brothers, Floyd Henry Allport, was an important and influential psychologist as well. Gordon W. Allport was a long time and influential member of the faculty at Harvard University from 1930-1967. His works include Becoming, Pattern and Growth in Personality, The Individual and His Religion, and perhaps his most influential book The Nature of Prejudice. is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ...
A psychologist is a person who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human mind, including behavior, cognition, and affect. ...
Montezuma is a town located in Parke County, Indiana. ...
For other uses, see Indiana (disambiguation). ...
Floyd Henry Allport (* August 22, 1890 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; †October 15, 1978 in Los Altos, California, USA) was professor for social psychology and political psychology at Syracuse Universitys Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs (in Syracuse, NY, USA) from 1924 bis 1956, and visiting professor at University...
Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ...
Allport was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality, and is often referred to as one of the founding figures of personality psychology. He rejected both a psychoanalytic approach to personality, which he thought often went too deep, and a behavioral approach, which he thought often did not go deep enough. He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual, and the importance of the present context, as opposed to past history, for understanding the personality. Psychoanalysis is the revelation of unconscious relations, in a systematic way through an associative process. ...
Behavior (U.S.) or behaviour (U.K.) refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. ...
Allport had a profound and lasting influence on the field of psychology, even though his work is cited much less often than other well known figures.[1] Part of his influence stemmed from his knack for attacking and broadly conceptualizing important and interesting topics (e.g. rumor, prejudice, religion, traits). Part of his influence was a result of the deep and lasting impression he made on his students during his long teaching career, many of whom went on to have important psychological careers. Among his many students were Jerome S. Bruner, Anthony Greenwald, Stanley Milgram, Leo Postman, Thomas Pettigrew, and M. Brewster Smith. Jerome Bruner (1915- ) is a noted psychologist. ...
Stanley Milgram Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was a psychologist at Yale University, Harvard University and the City University of New York. ...
Visit with Freud
Allport told the story in his autobiographical essay in Pattern and Growth in Personality[2] of his visit as a young, recent college graduate to the already famous Dr. Sigmund Freud in Vienna. To break the ice upon meeting Freud, Allport recounted how he had met a boy on the train on the way to Vienna who was afraid of getting dirty. He refused to sit down near anyone dirty, despite his mother's reassurances. Allport suggested that perhaps the boy had learned this dirt phobia from his mother, a very neat and apparently rather domineering type. After studying Allport for a minute, Freud asked, "And was that little boy you?" Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ...
For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ...
Allport experienced Freud's attempt to reduce this small bit of observed interaction to some unconscious episode from his own remote childhood as dismissive of his current motivations, intentions and experience. It served as a reminder that psychoanalysis tends to dig too deeply into both the past and the unconscious, overlooking in the process the often more important conscious and immediate aspects of experience. While Allport never denied that unconscious and historical variables might have a role to play in human psychology (particularly in the immature and disordered) his own work would always emphasize conscious motivations and current context. Today psychoanalysis comprises several interlocking theories concerning the functioning of the mind. ...
Allport's Trait Theory Allport is known as a "trait" psychologist. One of his early projects was to go through the dictionary and locate every term that he thought could describe a person. From this, he developed a list of 3000 trait like words. He organized these into three levels of traits.
1. Cardinal trait - This is the trait that dominates and shapes a person's behavior. These are rare as most people lack a single theme that shapes their lives.
2. Central trait - This is a general characteristic found in some degree in every person. These are the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits. An example of a central trait would be honesty.
3. Secondary trait - These are characteristics seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know). They must be included to provide a complete picture of human complexity.
Functional Autonomy Allport was one of the first researchers to draw a distinction between Motive and Drive. He suggested that a drive formed as a reaction to a motive may out-grow the motive as a reason. The drive then is autonomous and distinct from the motive, whether it is instinct or any other. Allport gives the example of a man who seeks to perfect his task or craft. His reasons may be a sense of inferiority engrained in his childhood but his dilligence in his work and the motive it acquires later on is a need to excel in his chosen profession. In the words of Allport, the theory "It avoids the absurdity of regarding the energy of life now, in the present, as somehow consisting of early archaic forms (instincts, prepotent reflexes, or the never-changing Id). Learning brings new systems of interests into existence just as it does new abilities and skills. At each stage of development these interests are always contemporary; whatever drives, drives now." Look up Motivation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Bibliography - Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality. (1983). New Haven : Yale University. ISBN 0300002645
- The Nature of Prejudice. (1954; 1979). Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 0201001780
- The Nature of Personality: Selected Papers. (1950; 1975). Westport, CN : Greenwood Press. ISBN 0837174325
- Pattern and Growth in Personality. (1961). Harcourt College Pub. ISBN 0030108101
- Psychology of Rumor. [with Leo Postman] (1948). Henry Holt and Co. ASIN B000J52DQU
Secondary literature - Ian Nicholson, Inventing Personality: Gordon Allport and the Science of Selfhood, American Psychological Association, 2003, ISBN 155798929X
- Nicholson, I. (2000). “'A coherent datum of perception': Gordon Allport, Floyd Allport and the politics of personality.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 36: 463-470.
- Nicholson, I. (1998). Gordon Allport, character, and the ‘culture of personality’, 1897-1937. History of Psychology, 1, 52-68.
- Nicholson, I. (1997). Humanistic psychology and intellectual identity: The 'open' system of Gordon Allport. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 37, 60-78.
- Nicholson, I. (1997). To "correlate psychology and social ethics": Gordon Allport and the first course in American personality psychology. Journal of Personality, 65, 733-742.
- On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport, hrg. von Peter Glick, John Dovidio, Laurie A. Rudman, Blackwell Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1405127503
See also Allport's scale Allport’s Scale is a measure of prejudice in a society. ...
References Matlin, MW., (1995) Psychology. Texas: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
External links - Allports classic paper on autonomy of motives at Classics in the History of Psychology page.
| Psychology | | Portal · History · Psychologist | | Research | Biological · Cognitive · Comparative · Developmental · Evolutionary · Experimental · Mathematical · Neuropsychology · Personality · Physiological · Positive · Psychopathology · Psychophysics · Qualitative psychological research · Quantitative psychological research · Social · Transpersonal Psychological science redirects here. ...
The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates, in Europe, back to the Late Middle Ages. ...
A psychologist is a person who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human mind, including behavior, cognition, and affect. ...
In psychology, biological psychology or psychobiology[1] is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior. ...
Cognitive Psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. ...
A brain of a cat Psychologists and scientists do not always agree on what should be considered Comparative Psychology. ...
This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
Evolutionary psychology (abbreviated EP) is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i. ...
Experimental psychology is an approach to psychology that treats it as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. ...
Mathematical Psychology is an approach to psychological research that is based on mathematical modeling of perceptual, cognitive and motor processes, and on the establishment of law-like rules that relate quantifiable stimulus characteristics with quantifiable behavior. ...
Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology and neurology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors. ...
Personality psychology is a branch of psychology which studies personality and individual differences. ...
Physiological psychology is sometimes related to psychiatry, and in fact may end up becoming the parent branch which contains psychiatry. ...
Positive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology that studies the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. ...
Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress, or the manifestation of behaviors and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment. ...
Psychophysics is the branch of cognitive psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their perception. ...
In the broadest sense qualitative research is research which uses only dichotomous data — that is, data which can take only the values 0 (zero) and 1 (one). ...
Quantitative psychological research is psychological research which performs statistical estimation or statistical inference. ...
Social psychology is the scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Allport, 1985). ...
Transpersonal psychology is a school of psychology that studies the transpersonal, the transcendent or spiritual aspects of the human mind. ...
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Psychological testing or psychological assessment is a field characterized by the use of samples of behavior in order to infer generalizations about a given individual. ...
The Greek letter Psi is often used as a symbol of psychology. ...
Counseling psychology is an application of the basic professional skills in psychology to a population that has been more located in schools rather than hospitals and clinics. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Industrial and organizational psychology (also known as I/O psychology, work psychology, work and organizational psychology, W-O psychology, occupational psychology, personnel psychology or talent assessment) concerns the application of psychological theories, research methods, and intervention strategies to workplace issues. ...
Legal psychology involves the application of empirical psychological research to legal institutions and people who come into contact with the law. ...
Relationship counseling is the process of counseling the parties of a relationship in an effort to recognize and to better manage or reconcile troublesome differences. ...
Educational psychology or school psychology is the psychological science studying how children and adults learn, the effectiveness of various educational strategies and tactics, and how schools function as organizations. ...
| | Orientations | Behaviorism · Cognitivism · Cognitive Behavioral · Existential · Family Systems · Feminist · Gestalt · Humanistic · Psychoanalysis · Analytical · Psychodynamic · Transpersonal Behaviorism (also called learning perspective) is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors. ...
In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical approach to understanding the mind, which argues that mental function can be understood by quantitative, positivist and scientific methods, and that such functions can be described as information processing models. ...
A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy based on modifying cognitions, assumptions, beliefs and behaviors, with the aim of influencing disturbed emotions. ...
Existential psychotherapy is partly based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in the world. ...
Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy and family systems therapy, is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. ...
Feminist Therapy Code of Ethics* (Revised, 1999) Preamble Feminist therapy evolved from feminist philosophy, psychological theory and practice, and political theory. ...
Gestalt Therapy is an existential and experiential psychotherapy that focuses on the individuals experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts in which these things take place, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of the overall situation. ...
Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. ...
Today psychoanalysis comprises several interlocking theories concerning the functioning of the mind. ...
Analytical psychology is part of the Jungian psychology movement started by Carl Jung and his followers. ...
It has been suggested that Psychodynamic psychology be merged into this article or section. ...
Transpersonal psychology is a school of psychology that studies the transpersonal, the transcendent or spiritual aspects of the human mind. ...
| Seminal
writers | B.F. Skinner · Jean Piaget · Sigmund Freud · Otto Rank · Albert Bandura · Leon Festinger · Carl Rogers · Stanley Schachter · Neal E. Miller · Edward Thorndike · Abraham Maslow · Gordon Allport · Erik Erikson · Hans Eysenck · William James · David McClelland · Raymond Cattell · John B. Watson · Kurt Lewin · Donald O. Hebb · George A. Miller · Clark L. Hull · Jerome Kagan · Carl Jung · Ivan Pavlov Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990), Ph. ...
Jean Piaget (August 9, 1896 – September 16, 1980) was a Swiss philosopher, natural scientist and developmental psychologist, well known for his work studying children, his theory of cognitive development and for his epistemological view called genetic epistemology. He created in 1955 the International Centre for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva and...
Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ...
Otto Rank (April 22, 1884 – October 31, 1939) was an Austrian psychologist. ...
Albert Bandura (born 4 20 1925 in Mundare, Canada), a Ball Licker, is best known for his work on nut sack and on self-efficacy. ...
Leon Festinger Leon Festinger (May 8, 1919 – February 11, 1989) was a social psychologist from New York City who became famous for his Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger, 1957). ...
Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. ...
Stanley Schachter was born on April 15, 1922, to Nathan and Anna Schachter in Flushing, New York. ...
Neal E Miller was born in Milwaukee in 1909. ...
Edward Lee Thorndike (August 31, 1874 - August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University. ...
Abraham (Harold) Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) was an American psychologist. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Hans Eysenck Hans Jürgen Eysenck (March 4, 1916 - September 4, 1997) was an eminent psychologist, most remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, though he worked in a wide range of areas. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
David McClelland (1917-1998). ...
Raymond Bernard Cattell (20 March 1905 - 2 February 1998) was a British and American psychologist who theorized the existence of fluid and crystallized intelligences to explain human cognitive ability. ...
John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878–September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. ...
Kurt Zadek Lewin (September 9, 1890 – February 12, 1947) was a German psychologist and one of the pioneers of social psychology. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
George A. Miller (born February 3 1920) is a famous professor of psychology at Princeton University, whose most famous work was The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information, which was published in 1956 in In the linguistics community, Miller is well...
Clark Leonard Hull (1884-1952) was an influential American psychologist and behaviorist who sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior. ...
Jerome Kagan (born 1929) was one of the key pioneers of developmental psychology. ...
Jung redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Pavlov (disambiguation). ...
| | Lists | Topics · Counseling · Disciplines · Drugs · Neurological Disorders · Organizations · Psychologists · Psychotherapies · Publications · Research Methods · Schools of theory · Timeline This page aims to list all topics related to psychology. ...
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These are some of the sub-fields within the field of psychology: Abnormal psychology Activity theory Analytical psychology Applied psychology Asian Psychology Behavior analysis Behavioural medicine Behavioural psychology Biobehavioural health Biological psychology Biopsychology Cognitive neuropsychology Cognitive psychology Cognitive neuroscience Community psychology Comparative psychology Clinical psychology Counselling psychology Critical psychology Developmental...
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List of organizations and societies in psychology. ...
This list includes notable psychologists and contributors to psychology, some of whom may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline. ...
This is an alphabetical List of Psychotherapies. ...
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A very wide range of research methods are used in psychology. ...
The psychological schools are the great classical theories of psychology. ...
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