StateMaster - Encyclopedia: Eadweard Muybridge

Eadweard J. Muybridge (April 9, 1830 – May 8, 1904) was an English-born photographer, known primarily for his early use of multiple cameras to capture motion, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the celluloid film strip that is still used today. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Kingston upon Thames, part of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is an ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned, and is now a lively suburb of London. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Kingston upon Thames, part of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is an ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned, and is now a lively suburb of London. ... , See Woking (borough) for the administrative district. ... A photographer at the Calgary Folk Music Festival Paparazzi at the Tribeca Film Festival A photographer is a person who takes a photograph using a camera. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Muybridge_race_horse_animated. ... Image File history File links Muybridge_race_horse_animated. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This is a list of notable photographers who already have articles. ... This article is about the photographing device. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Zoopraxiscope is a contraption that was important in the early technological development of motion pictures. ... For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as... Celluloid is the name of a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, plus dyes and other agents, generally regarded to be the first thermoplastic. ...

Early life and career

Muybridge was born Edward James Muggeridge at Kingston upon Thames, England. He is believed to have changed his first name to match that of King Eadweard as shown on the plinth of the Kingston coronation stone, which was re-erected in Kingston in 1850. Although he didn't change his first name until the 1870s, he changed his surname to Muygridge early in his San Francisco career and then changed it again to Muybridge at the launch of his photographic career or during the missing years between. Kingston upon Thames, part of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is an ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned, and is now a lively suburb of London. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... For Scotlands Coronation Stone, see Stone of Scone. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

In 1855 Muybridge arrived in San Francisco, starting his career as a publisher's agent and bookseller. He left San Francisco at the end of that decade, and after a stagecoach accident in which he received severe head injuries returned to England for a few years. He reappeared in San Francisco in 1866 as a photographer named Muybridge and rapidly became successful in the profession, focusing almost entirely on landscape and architectural subjects. (He is not known to have ever made a photographic portrait, though group shots by him survive.) His photographs were sold by various photographic entrepreneurs on Montgomery Street, San Francisco's main commercial street, during those years. Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Photographing the West

Muybridge began to build his reputation in 1867 with photos of Yosemite and San Francisco (many of the Yosemite photographs reproduced the same scenes taken by Carleton Watkins). Muybridge quickly became famous for his landscape photographs, which showed the grandeur and expansiveness of the West. The images were published under the pseudonym “Helios.” In the summer of 1868 Muybridge was commissioned to photograph one of the U.S. Army's expeditions into the recently territorialized Alaska purchase. Yosemite redirects here. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Carleton E. Watkins - 19th Century California Photographer He became famous for his series of photographs and historic stereoviews of Yosemite Valley in the 1860s, and also created a variety images of California and Oregon in the 1870s and later. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Check used to pay for Alaska The Alaska purchase from Russia by the United States occurred in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William Seward. ...

In 1871 the California Geological Survey invited Muybridge to photograph for the High Sierra survey. That same year he married Flora Stone. He then spent several years traveling as a successful photographer. By 1873 the Central Pacific Railroad had advanced into Indian territory and the United States Army hired Muybridge to photograph the ensuing Modoc Wars. Image File history File links Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping. ... Image File history File links Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Subspecies B. b. ... Although it was not until 1880 that the California State Mining Bureau, predecessor to the California Geological Survey, was established, the roots of Californias state geological survey date to an earlier time. ... The Gov. ... Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Country redirects here. ... The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... The Modoc War, also known as the Lava Beds War, was an armed conflict between the Native American Modoc tribe and the United States Army in southern Oregon and northern California from 1872 - 1873. ...

Stanford and the trot question

In 1872, soon-to-be Governor of California Leland Stanford, a businessman and race-horse owner, had taken a position on a popularly-debated question of the day: whether during a horse's trot, all four hooves were ever off the ground at the same time. Stanford sided with this assertion, called "unsupported transit", and took it upon himself to prove it scientifically. (Though legend also includes a wager of up to $25,000, there is no evidence of this.) Stanford sought out Muybridge and hired him to settle the question.^[1] Muybridge's relationship with Stanford was long and torrid, and it would ultimately prove to be his entrance and exit from the history books. Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (left) and Governor Gray Davis (right) with President George W. Bush in 2003 The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government, whose responsibilities include making yearly State of the State addresses to the California State Legislature, submitting the budget, and ensuring that... Amasa Leland Stanford (March 9, 1824 â€“ June 21, 1893) was an American tycoon, politician and founder of Stanford University. ... Horse-racing is an equestrian sporting activity which has been practiced over the centuries; the chariot races of Roman times were an early example, as was the contest of the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology. ... The trot is a gait of the horse where the diagonal pairs of legs move forwards at the same time, a diagonal gait. ...

To prove Stanford's claim, Muybridge developed a scheme for instantaneous motion picture capture. Muybridge's technology involved chemical formulas for photographic processing and an electrical trigger created by the chief engineer for the Southern Pacific Railroad, John D. Isaacs. It is important to underscore Muybridge's collboration with John D. Issacs. The design for the trigger to set off each camera was what eluded Muybridge for so long and without Issacs' help, Muybridge's contraption would never have come into existence. By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with photographic developer. ... The Southern Pacific Railroad (AAR reporting marks SP) was an American railroad. ...

In 1877, Muybridge settled Stanford's question with a single photographic negative showing Stanford's racehorse Occident airborne during trot. This negative has not survived, although woodcuts made of it did. Download high resolution version (598x811, 342 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (598x811, 342 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

By 1878, spurred on by Stanford to expand the experiment, Muybridge had successfully photographed a horse in fast motion using a series of twenty-four cameras. The cameras were arranged along a track parallel to the horse's, and each of the camera shutters was controlled by a trip wire which was triggered by the horse's hooves.

This series of photos, taken at what is now Stanford University, is called The Horse in Motion, and shows that the hooves all leave the ground — although not with the legs fully extended forward and back, as contemporary illustrators tended to imagine, but rather at the moment when all the hooves are tucked under the horse, as it switches from "pulling" from the front legs to "pushing" from the back legs. Stanford redirects here. ...

The relationship between the mercurial Muybridge and his patron broke down in 1882 when Stanford commissioned a book called The Horse in Motion as Shown by Instantaneous Photography which omitted actual photographs by Muybridge, relying instead on drawings and engravings based on the photographs, and which gave Muybridge scant credit for his work. The lack of photographs was likely simply due to the printing contraints of the time but Muybridge took it as a slap in the face and filed an unsuccessful law suit against Stanford.^[1]

Murder acquittal

In 1874, still living in the San Francisco Bay Area, Muybridge discovered that his wife had a lover, a Major Harry Larkyns. On October 17, 1874, he sought out Larkyns; said, "Good evening, Major, my name is Muybridge and here is the answer to the letter you sent my wife"; and shot and killed him.^[2] Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Muybridge thought his wife's son had been fathered by Larkyns (although, as an adult, the young man bore a remarkable resemblance to Muybridge). He was put on trial for the killing, but acquitted of the killing on the grounds that it was "justifiable homicide." The inquiry interrupted the horse photography experiment, but not Stanford's support of Muybridge; Stanford paid for his criminal defense. The concept of justifiable homicide in criminal law stands on the dividing line between an excuse and an exculpation. ...

After the acquittal, Muybridge left the U.S. for a time and photographed in Central America, returning in 1877. The son, Florado Helios Muybridge (nicknamed "Floddie" by friends) was placed in an orphanage, and worked as a ranch hand and gardener as an adult. He died after being hit by a car at age 69 in 1944. 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

This episode in Muybridge's life is the subject of The Photographer, a 1982 opera by Philip Glass, with words drawn from the trial and Muybridge's letters to his wife. The Photographer is an opera by composer Philip Glass that is based on the homicide trial of renown photographer Eadweard Muybridge. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... Philip Glass (born January 31, 1937) is a three-times Academy Award-nominated American composer. ...

Other Works

Several of his photographic sequences were published in 1980 as coffee-table books under the title Studies of Animal Locomotion.

In the late 1980's, Marion Faller and Hollis Frampton produced a series of photographicprints under the label Sixteen Studies from Vegetable Locomotion, which was exhibited in various museums.

Zoopraxiscope entertainer

Hoping to capitalize upon the considerable public attention those pictures drew, Muybridge invented the Zoopraxiscope, a machine similar to the Zoetrope, but that projected the images so the public could see realistic motion. The system was, in many ways, a precursor to the development of the motion picture film. His presentations, in Europe and the United States, were widely acclaimed by both the public and specialist audiences of scientists and artists. Download high resolution version (2158x1146, 430 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2158x1146, 430 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Zoopraxiscope is a contraption that was important in the early technological development of motion pictures. ... A modern replica of a Victorian zoetrope. ... This article is about motion pictures. ...

For the 1893 World's Fair Muybridge produced disks for the phenakistoscope, a parlor toy used to view short motion sequences. A phenakistoscope disc by Eadweard Muybridge (1893). ...

At the University of Pennsylvania and the local zoo Muybridge used banks of cameras to photograph people and animals to study their movement. The people were often photographed in little or no clothing in a variety of undertakings, from boxing, to walking down stairs, and throwing water over one another. In total between 1883 and 1886 he took a total of 100,000 images, working under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania, published as 781 plates comprising 20,000 of the photographs; a collection titled Animal Locomotion.^[3] Muybridge's work stands near the beginning of the science of biomechanics and the mechanics of athletics. This article is about the private Ivy League university in Philadelphia. ... Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms or the application and derivation of engineering principles to and from biological systems. ...

Recent scholarship has pointed to the influence of Étienne Jules de Marey on Muybridge's later work. Muybridge visited Marey's studio in France and saw Marey's stop-motion studies before returning to the U.S. to further his own work in the same area. However, whereas Marey's scientific achievements in the realms of cardiology and aerodynamics (as well as pioneering work in photography and chronophotography) are indisputable, Muybridge's efforts were to some degree artistic rather than scientific. As Muybridge himself explained, in some of his published sequences he subsituted images where exposures failed, in order to illustrate a representative movement (rather than producing a strictly scientific recording of a particular sequence). Also, his creation of images of nude women in all manner of poses seems rooted in prurient rather than scientific impulses. ^{[citation needed]}Similar setups of carefully timed multiple cameras are used in modern special effects photography with the opposite goal: capturing changing camera angles with little or no movement of the subject. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (3000 Ã— 3000 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (3000 Ã— 3000 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 Ã— 800 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 Ã— 800 pixel, file size: 2. ... Ã‰tienne-Jules Marey around 1850. ... Bullet-time is a concept introduced in recent films and computer games whereby the passage of time is slowed down so that an observer can see individual bullets flying throughout the scene at a conceivable rate, usually with their trails made visible. ... Special effects (abbreviated SPFX or SFX) are used in the film, television, and entertainment industry to create effects that cannot be achieved by normal means, such as depicting travel to other star systems. ... Photography [fÓ™tÉ‘grÓ™fi:],[foÊŠtÉ‘grÓ™fi:] is the process of recording pictures by means of capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a film or electronic sensor. ...

Death

Eadweard Muybridge returned to his native England in 1894, published two further, popular books of his work, and died on May 8, 1904 in Kingston upon Thames while living at the home of his cousin Catherine Smith, Park View, 2 Liverpool Road. The house has a British Film Institute commemorative plaque on the outside wall. Muybridge was cremated and his ashes interred at Woking. is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Kingston upon Thames, part of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is an ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned, and is now a lively suburb of London. ... The British Film Institute (BFI) is a charitable organisation established by Royal Charter to encourage the development of the arts of film, television and the moving image throughout the United Kingdom, to promote their use as a record of contemporary life and manners, to promote education about film, television and... , See Woking (borough) for the administrative district. ...

Legacy

In 1985 the music video for Larry Gowan's single "(You're A) Strange Animal" prominently featured animation rotoscoped from Muybridge's work. In 1986 in the John Farnham music video for the song Pressure Down the galloping horse sequence is used in the background. In 1993, U2 made a video to their song "Lemon" into a tribute to Muybridge's techniques. In 2004, the electronic music group The Crystal Method made a music video to their song "Born Too Slow" which was based on Muybridge's work, including a man walking in front of a background grid. This article is about the year. ... A music video is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a song. ... Lawrence Gowan is a Canadian musician, born in Glasgow, Scotland on November 22, 1956. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... John Peter Farnham (born July 1, 1949) is an English-born Australian pop singer. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the Irish rock band. ... Lemon was the second single from U2s Zooropa album. ... The Crystal Method is an American electronic music duo consisting of Ken Jordan and Scott Kirkland. ...

In the summer of 2004, during the Summer Olympic Games which were held in Greece, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts housed an exhibition highlighting ancient Greece and included 2 of Muybridge's photograph plates hanging next to more modern representations of athletes as part of the exhibit. Poster for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. ... Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (Doù venons-nous? Que faisons-nous? Où allons-nous?) (1897). ...

Kingston University, London, UK has a building named in recognition of his work as one of Britains most influential photographers. Image File history File links Allezallez. ... Image File history File links Allezallez. ... Carola Unterberger-Probst Carola Unterberger-Probst (born 9 May 1978 in Salzburg), aka [cup] or Carola Unterberger, is an international known Austrian media artist and philosopher of art. ... Kingston University is a university in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, south-west London. ...

John Gaeta (born 1965) is a visual effects designer best known for his work on the Matrix film trilogy, where he advanced and popularized the effects known as Bullet Time and Virtual Cinematography as well as pushing the boundaries of computer-generated imagery pre visualization. ... Bullet-time is a concept introduced in recent films and computer games whereby the passage of time is slowed down so that an observer can see individual bullets flying throughout the scene at a conceivable rate, usually with their trails made visible. ... This article is about the 1999 film. ... Ã‰tienne-Jules Marey around 1850. ... Self portrait (1902), National Academy of Design, New York. ... â€œEdisonâ€ redirects here. ... William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (August 3, 1860 - September 28, 1935) was a Scottish inventor who is credited with the invention of the motion picture camera under the employ of Thomas Edison. ... Marcel Duchamp (pronounced ) (July 28, 1887 â€“ October 2, 1968) was a French artist (he became an American citizen in 1955) whose work and ideas had considerable influence on the development of post-World War II Western art, and whose advice to modern art collectors helped shape the tastes of the... Marcel Duchamp. ... An animator is an artist who creates multiple images called frames that form an illusion of movement called animation when rapidly displayed. ... The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of activities to do with creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art. ...

Sources

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. ... Joseph Henry Press is an American publisher which is an imprint of the National Academies Press, publisher for the United States National Academy of Sciences. ...

External links

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since November 2007 | American photographers | English photographers | Pioneers of photography | English Americans | Cinematographers | 1830 births | 1904 deaths Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, Inc. ... Whos Who of Victorian Cinema is a reference work on film pioneers by Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan. ... Kingston upon Thames, part of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is an ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned, and is now a lively suburb of London. ... Andy Serkis (born 20 April 1964) is an Armenian-English actor and director. ... Keith Alan Stern (Born in New London, Connecticut, USA on September 1, 1952) has produced some of the most popular biographical websites on the Internet. ... The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the worlds largest and finest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

Early life and career GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");