StateMaster - Encyclopedia: Cuadrilla

Bullfighting or tauromachy (Spanish toreo, corrida de toros or tauromaquia; Portuguese tourada, corrida de touros or tauromaquia) is a tradition that involves, most of the time, professional performers (generally called in Spanish toreros or matadores and in Portuguese toureiros) who execute various formal moves with the goal of appearing graceful and confident, while masterful over the bull itself; these maneuvers are performed at close range, concluding (in Spanish-style bullfighting) with the death of the bull by a well-placed sword thrust as the finale whereas in Portugal the beginning consists of a uniquely Portuguese and very ancient tradition called the pega where men are dressed in a traditional costume, of damask or velvet, with the long knit hats also worn by the famous Nazaré fishermen. Download high resolution version (892x650, 157 KB) Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (892x650, 157 KB) Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... MÃ¡laga is a port city in Andalucia, southern Spain, on the Costa del Sol coast of the Mediterranean. ... Matador Antonio Barrera in the capote de paseo (dress cape) before a bullfight during the 2003 Aste Nagusia festival in Bilbao, Spain A matador (killer) is the main performer in bullfighting events in Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries. ... Cow and Cows redirect here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Swiss longsword, 15th or 16th century Sword (from Old English sweord, cognate to Old High German Schwert, literally wounding tool from a Proto-Indo-European root *swer- to wound, to hurt) is a term for a long edged weapon, fundamentally consisting of a blade, usually with two edges for striking... There are places that have the name NazarÃ© : In Brazil NazarÃ©, Bahia NazarÃ©, Tocantins Related: NazarÃ© Paulista, SÃ£o Paulo In Portugal NazarÃ©, a municipality This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

It is a ritual spectacle that is usually designated by insiders as an art, by others as a sport, as tallies are kept for the purpose of ranking the bullfighters. The art of bullfighting requires a significant degree of skill and talent, resulting in the widely held view of matadors as national celebrities. A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ...

The practice generates heated controversy in many areas of the world, including Spain where the "classic" bullfighting was born. Look up Controversy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For other uses, see Controversy (disambiguation). ...

The controversial, but in some regions popular, spectacle is staged most famously in Spain (where there are over 400 arenas) but also in Portugal, some countries in Latin America (principally Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador), in California ("bloodless") and in the south of France. Especially prominent bullrings are to be found at Madrid, Seville, Nîmes, Lisbon, and Mexico City. Around 30,000 bulls are killed each year in bullfights in Spain. In neighbouring Portugal, some 2,500 bulls take part in about 300 fights annually. The limited supply of bull meat from bullfights is commonly sold and consumed. Several traditional dishes use bull meat as their basic ingredient, such as Rabo de toro ("Bull Rump"), which is very popular in Andalucía and Rabada in Portugal. In Pamplona, the "San Fermín running of the bulls" or encierro, the ritualized stampede through the streets, has overshadowed the corrida itself; the event is dedicated to the patron saint of Navarre, Saint Fermin. In Portugal the running of the bulls during the Feira do Toiro or Feira do Touro (The Bull Fair) is the most important of the fairs in Portugal. Download high resolution version (600x800, 61 KB)Bullring in Lima, Peru - the largest bullring in South America. ... Download high resolution version (600x800, 61 KB)Bullring in Lima, Peru - the largest bullring in South America. ... This article is about Lima, Peru. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Look up Controversy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For other uses, see Controversy (disambiguation). ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq. ... Bullring in MÃ¡laga, Spain A bullring is the location where bullfighting is performed. ... Madrid is the capital and the largest city in Spain, as well as in the province and the autonomous community of the same name. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (, ). It is the capital of Andalusia and of the province of Sevilla. ... Location within France NÃ®mes is a city and commune of southern France, prÃ©fecture (capital) of the Gard dÃ©partement. ... District or region Lisbon Mayor - Party Carmona Rodrigues PSD Area 84. ... Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de MÃ©xico, MÃ©xico D.F. or simply MÃ©xico, pronounced /mexiko/ in IPA) is the capital and largest city of the nation of Mexico. ... Various meats Cold Meat Salad Meat, in its broadest modern definition, is all animal tissue intended to be used as food. ... Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator AndalucÃa por sÃ, para EspaÃ±a y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humanity) Capital Seville Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd 87 268 kmÂ² 17,2% Population â€“ Total (2003) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 1st 7 478 432 17,9% 85,70... Pamplona (Basque: Irunea / IruÃ±ea / IruÃ±a) is the capital city of Navarre, Spain. ... The festival of San Fermin is a deeply-rooted celebration held annually from 6 July to 14 July in the city of Pamplona (Navarra), in northern Spain. ... Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community in Spain. ... Saint Fermin is one of many locally venerated Catholic saints. ...

It was formerly practiced in Brazil and Morocco (Tangier's plaza de toros was long amongst the most prestigious) but has been banned in those countries, in Brazil because of humane concerns and in Morocco because of it being viewed as a symbol of colonialism. Tangier, Morocco Tangier (Tanja Ø·Ù†Ú†Ø© in Berber and Arabic, TÃ¡nger in Spanish, and Tanger in French), is a city of northern Morocco with a population of 669,685 (2004 census). ... It has been suggested that Corporate colonialism be merged into this article or section. ...

Fujairah, one of the Emirates that makes up the United Arab Emirates and Artvin Province in Turkey have their long, quite separate histories of fights among bulls. Fujairah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ÙØ¬ÙŠØ±Ø©) is an emirate of the United Arab Emirates. ... Artvin Province is a province in north-eastern Turkey next to the Black Sea and Georgia (country). ...

A bullfighting sport, Jallikattu, takes place annually in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The Tanzanian island of Pemba has retained the custom of bullfight from its history with the Portuguese some 400 years ago. Jallikattu is a South Indian celebration involving bull taming, somewhat similar to the Spanish running of the bulls. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Map of Pemba Island Pemba is an island about 50 kilometres to the north of the island of Zanzibar. ...

Origins

Bullfighting may trace its roots to Minoan Crete, where the bull-leaping ritual practiced by youths of both sexes is memorialized in the famous wall-frescos at Knossos. The wall murals show male and female acrobats confronting the bull, grabbing its horns as it charges towards them, and volt themselves over its back. This is known as "bull leaping". However, the frescos offer no hint of struggle or violence, and the Lunar Bull was a sacred animal commemorated in ritual and legends such as that of the Minotaur. Modern archaeologists tend to emphasize the danger involved in this athletic skill and may underestimate the extent to which the bull cooperated. A more likely explanation is found in the worship of Mithras in the pre-Christian Roman Empire. The killing of the sacred bull (tauromachy) is the essential central iconic act of Mithras, which was commemorated in the mithraeum wherever Roman soldiers were stationed. Many of the oldest bullrings in Spain are located on the sites of, or adjacent to the locations of temples to Mithras. Image File history File links Fresque_Mithra_Doura_Europos. ... Image File history File links Fresque_Mithra_Doura_Europos. ... Fresco from the Palace of Minos, Knossos, Crete The Minoans were a pre-Hellenic Bronze Age civilization in Crete in the Aegean Sea, flourishing from approximately 2600 to 1450 BC when their culture was superseded by the Mycenaean culture, which drew upon the Minoans. ... Crete (Greek ÎšÏÎ®Ï„Î· Kriti; called Candia in the Venetian period and Turkish: Girit) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... Bull-leaping, fresco from the Great Palace at Knossos, Crete The Bull Leaper, an ivory figurine from the palace of knossos, crete. ... Knossos Knossos (35Â°18â€²N 25Â°10â€²E; alternative spellings Knossus, Cnossus, Gnossus, Greek ÎšÎ½Ï‰ÏƒÏƒÏŒÏ‚; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete, probably the ceremonial and political center of the Minoan culture. ... The worship of the Sacred Bull throughout the ancient world is most familiar in the episode of the idol of the Golden Calf made by Aaron and worshipped by the Hebrews in the wilderness of Sinai (Exodus). ... Minotaur at the Greek pavilion at Expo 88 In Greek mythology, the Minotaur (Greek: ÎœÎ¹Î½ÏŒÏ„Î±Ï…ÏÎ¿Ï‚) was a creature that was part man and part bull. ... Mithras and the Bull: fresco from the mithraeum at Marino, Italy, (3rd century) Mithras was the central savior god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from... For other senses of this name, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Tauromachy (tauromachia the killing of a bull) is a name for the cultural ritual of Bullfighting and also for the iconic central action of Mithras, the savior-god of Mithraism. ... Mithras and the Bull: fresco from the mithraeum at Marino, Italy, (3rd century) Mithras was the central savior god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from... Mithraism was an ancient Hellenistic religion, based on worship of a god called Mithras who apparently derives from the Persian god Mithra and other Zoroastrian deities. ...

Bullfighting is often linked to ancient Rome, when many human-versus-animal events were held as a warm-up for gladiatorial sports. Alternatively, it may have been introduced into Hispania by the Moors in the 11th century, although there are theories that it was introduced into Hispania a millennium earlier by the Emperor Claudius when he instituted a short-lived ban on gladiatorial games as a substitute for those combats. The latter theory was supported by Robert Graves. In its original Moorish and early Iberian form, the bull was fought from horseback using a javelin. (Picadors are the remnants of this tradition, but their role in the contest is now a relatively minor one limited to "preparing" the bull for the matador.) Bullfighting spread from Spain to its Central and South American colonies, and also in the 19th century to France, where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right. For other senses of this name, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Roman theater at MÃ©rida; the statues are replicas Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... Copyrighted Image Photo courtesy of Wayne B. Chandler Moorish Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... Roman theater at MÃ©rida; the statues are replicas Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Portrait of Robert Graves (circa 1974) by Rab Shiell Robert von Ranke Graves (24 July 1895 â€“ 7 December 1985) was an English scholar, poet, and novelist. ...

Another belief is that bullfighting as is in present times has its roots based largely in wars that occurred between Iberians and Moors. As history has it, a common war strategy of the Moors was to set fire to the tails of bulls which would cause the herd to stampede into opposing armies in a frenzy. This tactic on the part of the Moors created a need to devise a way of overcoming the oncoming stampede on the part of the Iberian peninsula's previous inhabitants. What we see today in modern bullfighting, from swords, horses, Spanish style, muletas, facing the bull without weapons as is seen in Portugal's forcados, etc., was born from the necessity of survival in battles against the Moors. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Copyrighted Image Photo courtesy of Wayne B. Chandler Moorish Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... Copyrighted Image Photo courtesy of Wayne B. Chandler Moorish Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... Belleville Bulls bull Bulls Gap, Tennessee Bulls, New Zealand, Rangitikei township Bulls (rugby club), South Africa Chicago Bulls Durham Bulls Jacksonville Bulls List of dog breeds Papal bulls Pittsburgh Bulls The running of the bulls University of South Florida Bulls Categories: Disambiguation ... Copyrighted Image Photo courtesy of Wayne B. Chandler Moorish Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Categories: Stub ... Copyrighted Image Photo courtesy of Wayne B. Chandler Moorish Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ...

French ethnologist Dominique Aubier considers according to an espistemological study that there is no relationship between the Greek sacrifice which is an agricultural ritualistic celebration or the Roman Gladiators and the bullfight which is in Spain of pure paleontological hunting origins.Dominique Aubier explains that the corrida is a 20 000 year old primitive tradition, and that the theory of a so-called Arabic introduction of the corrida in Spain is an extravancy. In the 18th century, the Spanish introduced the practice of fighting on foot, Francisco Romero generally being regarded as having been the first to do this, about 1726. The modern style of Spanish bullfighting is credited to Juan Belmonte, generally considered the greatest matador of all time, who introduced a daring and revolutionary style which kept him almost constantly within a few inches of the bull. Although extremely dangerous (Belmonte himself was gored on many occasions), his style is still seen by most matadors as the ideal to be emulated. As bullfighting devolped, men on foot started using capes to aide the horsemen in positioning the bulls. This type of fighting drew more attention from the crowds, thus the modern corrida, or fight, started to take form. Today, bullfighting is now like it was since 1726, when Francisco Romero, from Rhonda, Spain, used the estoque, a sword to kill the bull, and the muleta, which is a small cape that is used in the last part of the fight. Dominique Aubier is a French author. ... Dominique Aubier is a French author. ... Francisco Romero (17XX - 1763) was a significant Spanish matador. ... Cover of Time Magazine (January 5, 1925 Juan Belmonte y GarcÃa (April 14, 1892-April 8, 1962) was considered the greatest matador of all time, and he revolutionised the art of bullfighting. ...

Styles of bullfighting

Originally, there were at least five distinct regional styles of bullfighting practiced in southwestern Europe: Andalucia, Aragon-Navarre, Alentejo, Camargue, Aquitaine. Today, these styles evolved more or less into standardised national forms mentioned below. The "classic" style of bullfighting which comes to most peoples' minds, where the bull is killed, is the form practiced in Spain and many Latin American countries. Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator Andaluc a por s , para Espa a y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humanity) Capital Seville Area - total - % of Spain Ranked 2nd 87 268 km 17,2% Population - Total (2003) - % of Spain - Density Ranked 1st 7 478 432 17,9% 85,70... Capital Zaragoza Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th 47 719 kmÂ² 9,4% Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 11th 1 269 027 2,9% 26,59/kmÂ² Demonym â€“ English â€“ Spanish Aragonese aragonÃ©s Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation â€“ Congress seats â€“ Senate... Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community in Spain. ... Alentejo (pron. ... Shoreline of the Ã‰tang de VaccarÃ¨s The Camargue is the land south of Arles, France, between the Mediterranean Sea and the two arms of the River RhÃ´ne delta at the approximate coordinates 43Â°32â€²N 4Â°30â€²E . ... Capital Bordeaux Land areaÂ¹ 41,309 kmÂ² Regional President Alain Rousset (PS) (since 1998) Population - Jan. ...

Spanish

Spanish-style bullfighting is called a corrida de toros. (literally a "running of bulls", the name being derived from the past participle of the Spanish verb correr, "to run"). In a traditional corrida, three toreros,also called matadores or, in French, toreadores, each fight two out of a total of six bulls, each of which is at least four years old and weighs up to about 600kg (with a minimum weight limit of 460 kg for the bullrings of the first degree). Bullfighting season in Spain runs from March to October. The fights that attract most spectators are the ones held during fiestas patronales. The most prestigious of such fights is held for the fiesta of San Isidro in Madrid. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2354 KB) Description: Beginning of a corrida Subject: Toreros, Picadores and banderilleros Place : Plaza de Toros Las Ventas City : Madrid Country : Spain Photographer: Â© Manuel GonzÃ¡lez Olaechea y Franco Shot date : October, 9th , 2005 File links The following pages link... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2354 KB) Description: Beginning of a corrida Subject: Toreros, Picadores and banderilleros Place : Plaza de Toros Las Ventas City : Madrid Country : Spain Photographer: Â© Manuel GonzÃ¡lez Olaechea y Franco Shot date : October, 9th , 2005 File links The following pages link... In linguistics, a participle is an adjective derived from a verb. ... The Fiestas patronales are yearly celebrations held in countries influenced by Spanish culture. ... San Isidro is the name of a number of places: The town of San Isidro, Davao Oriental, Philippines the district of San Isidro, in Lima, Peru the district of San Isidro, in Buenos Aires, Argentina This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise... Madrid is the capital and the largest city in Spain, as well as in the province and the autonomous community of the same name. ...

Each matador has six assistants — two picadores ("lancers") mounted on horseback, three banderilleros, and a mozo de espada ("sword servant"). Collectively they comprise a cuadrilla or team of bullfighters. However, the whole crew includes also an ayuda (aide to sword servant) and at least two peones (pages, singular peón). There are also the areneros (arena personnel): Alguacilillo (there are two men of this title who represent the presiding dignitary on the ground and apply his orders) and a number of servants named monosabios (they are in charge of the ring after each individual fight but their most active participation is when they help the picador and his mount on foot) and mulilleros (they lead the set of mules that drags out the bull's body after the corrida). In its common modern meaning, a mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. ...

The corrida is highly ritualized, with three distinct parts or tercios, start of each announced with a trumpet sound. The participants first enter the arena in a parade or paseíllo to salute the presiding dignitary; presidente, accompanied by band music. The ritual is a key factor, for example: The oldest matador goes to the far left, and the newest will be in the middle. If a matador is new in the Plaza, where the bullfight is taking place, he will do the "paseíllo" without his hat on. Torero costumes are inspired by 18th century Andalusian clothing. Matadores are easily distinguished by their spectacular and quite costly "suit of lights" (traje de luces). Bull attacks matador, Arles, France Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Bull attacks matador, Arles, France Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Trumpeter redirects to here. ...

Next, the bull enters the ring to be tested for ferocity by the matador and banderilleros with pink and gold capes. Bulls are raised by specialist breeding estates called ganaderías. Each bull is recorded delicately with its name, weight, and age to profile the estates. The bull enters the arena with a rosette on its back bearing the colours of the estate it belongs to. For example, Miura colours are green-black in Madrid and green-blue in the provinces. Estate owner is represented by a mayoral and if their bulls display an exceptional performance, in the end, he will be invited to share a lap around the ring with toreros. Madrid is the capital and the largest city in Spain, as well as in the province and the autonomous community of the same name. ...

In the first stage, the tercio de varas ("Lances third"), the behavior of the bull is observed by the matador by the way the bull behaves in the arena and how he attacks the capes, when banderilleros play with the bull with their capes. Then the matador goes and confronts his rival. If he performs with art and courage, he will be rewarded with an ovation. This initial section is called suerte de capote ("act of cape"). Then two picadors enter the arena, armed with lances or rejones. Each is mounted on a heavily armoured and blindfolded horse of extremely large stature. The bull is encouraged to attack the horse, which is well protected by its armour and generally treats the attack with stoic patience. The picador stabs the bull with his lance to weaken it, often leading to a considerable loss of blood on the part of the bull. The idea is to weaken the bull, making it possible for a matador on foot at the end of the bullfight to attempt to stab the bull with a sword between the bull's shoulder blades. The audience often objects to excessive use of the lance, as this is seen as making the fight too one-sided. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1644, 3187 KB) Description: Picador Place : Plaza de Toros Las Ventas City : Madrid Country : Spain Photographer: Â© Manuel GonzÃ¡lez Olaechea y Franco Shot date : October, 9th , 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Bullfighting Metadata This file contains... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1644, 3187 KB) Description: Picador Place : Plaza de Toros Las Ventas City : Madrid Country : Spain Photographer: Â© Manuel GonzÃ¡lez Olaechea y Franco Shot date : October, 9th , 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Bullfighting Metadata This file contains... rachel is bong eyed | color = pink | name = Domestic Horse | status = Conservation status: Domesticated | image = Holsteiner Apfelschimmel-2005. ...

In the next stage, the tercio de banderillas ("banderillas third"), the three banderilleros each attempt to plant two coloured, harpoon-pointed sticks (banderillas, literally "little flag") on the bull's flanks. These further weaken the enormous ridges of neck and shoulder muscle which set fighting bulls apart from ordinary cattle through loss of blood, while also frequently spurring the bull into making more ferocious charges. The placing of the banderillas is also the last chance to correct or fine tune the charging tendencies of the bull. Some of the more skilled matadors will often do this themselves. If the bull proves to be extraordinarily weak or unwilling to fight, the presidente may order, to the disgrace of the breeder, the use of black banderillas. The suerte de banderillas, Arles, France Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The suerte de banderillas, Arles, France Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Whaling harpoon A harpoon is a long spear-like instrument used in fishing to catch fish or other large aquatic animals such as whales. ...

In the final stage, the tercio de muerte ("death third"), the matador re-enters the ring alone with a small red cape or muleta in one hand and a sword in the other. Having dedicated the bull to an individual or the whole audience, he uses his cape to attract the bull in a series of passes, both demonstrating his control over it and risking his life by getting especially close to it. The red colour of the cape is a matter of tradition, as bulls are actually colour blind. There are a number of distinct styles of pass, each with its own name. For instance, the verónica is a pass in which the matador slowly swings the cape away from the charging bull while keeping his feet in the same position. The faena is the final series of passes before the kill, in which the matador with a muleta attempts to manoeuvre the bull into a position to stab it between the shoulder blades and through the heart. This section before killing the bull is called suerte de muleta ("act of muleta"). Image File history File links Torero. ... Image File history File links Torero. ... Color blindness in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. ... A faena is the series of final passes performed by a matador preparatory to killing a bull in a bullfight. ...

The act of thrusting the sword (estoca), thought to require particular skills, is called an estocada. The matador must begin the estocada fifteen minutes after the first muleta pass, at most. If he exceeds this limited time, the presidente will give an order to have the bull returned to its pen (corrale). A clumsy estocada that fails to give a "quick and clean death" will often raise loud protests from the crowd and may ruin the whole performance. If estocada is not successful the matador must then perform a descabello and cut the bull's spinal cord with a second sword called verdugo, to kill it instantly and spare the animal pain. Although the matador's final blow is usually fatal, it may take the bull some time to die. A coup de grâce is therefore administered by a peón named a puntillero, using a dagger to further pierce the spinal cord. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2109 KB) Description: Bull Subject: Bull withs banderillas Place : Plaza de Toros Las Ventas City : Madrid Country : Spain Photographer: Â© Manuel GonzÃ¡lez Olaechea y Franco Shot date : October, 9th , 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Spain... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2109 KB) Description: Bull Subject: Bull withs banderillas Place : Plaza de Toros Las Ventas City : Madrid Country : Spain Photographer: Â© Manuel GonzÃ¡lez Olaechea y Franco Shot date : October, 9th , 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Spain... Cross-section through cervical spinal cord. ...

The bull's body is dragged out by a set of galloping mules. If the presidente is impressed by the performance of the bull, he orders a tour around the ring to honour the animal. Very rarely, a bull will be allowed to survive a fight as an indulgence granted in recognition of an exceptional performance. The spectators will demand an indulto from the presidente, by waving handkerchiefs, before the estocada. The matador will stop and look at the presidente. If he stands still, he will resume his action and kill the bull. But if he has an orange handkerchief hung on his balcony, the matador will imitate the estocada with a banderilla and the bull will be "freed". Such bulls are generally retired from competition and raised as studs, as their experience in the ring makes them extremely dangerous opponents. The Matador File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Matador File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

A trofeo (trophy) is the usual indicator of a successful faena. When the records of bullfights are kept, trofeos earned by the matador are always mentioned. If the crowd demands, the matador is allowed to take a lap of victory around the ring. If more than or about half the spectators petition the presidente by waving handkerchiefs, the presidente is obliged to award the matador with one ear of the bull. To award the matador with another ear or with two ears and the tail; los máximos trofeos, depends solely on the presidente's appreciation. The matador who won at least two ears is given the permission to be carried on the shoulders of the admirers (salida en hombros).

Although most of the fights take the form described above, mano-a-mano corridas where two matadores fight three bulls each in competition are also held. There are also events named novilladas where younger bulls (novillos) and apprentice toreros (novilleros) are involved. Mano-a-mano is a Spanish construction meaning hand-to-hand. It was used originally for bullfights where just two matadors confront each other. ...

Amateur Capital Zaragoza Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th 47 719 kmÂ² 9,4% Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 11th 1 269 027 2,9% 26,59/kmÂ² Demonym â€“ English â€“ Spanish Aragonese aragonÃ©s Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation â€“ Congress seats â€“ Senate... El Bombero Torero (The Bullfighting Fireman) is one of a handful of comedy bullfighting troupes that tour Spain and Latin America during their restive bullfighting seasons. ...

Before the diffusion of modern sports premises, bull rings were used in the Basque Country for challenges of resistance running. The public made bets on the number of laps the runner could make. No bulls were involved. The festival of San Fermin is a deeply-rooted celebration held annually from 6 July to 14 July in the city of Pamplona (Navarra), in northern Spain. ... The Crest of Tordesillas Tordesillas is Valladolid (province) ,a village in Spain that was the site of many historical events, the most famous being the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal that divided the globe between the two countries. ... Capital Valladolid Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 1st 94,223 kmÂ² 18,6% Population â€“ Total (2003) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 6th 2,480,369 5. ... Basque (in Basque: Euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... Location of Basque Country The IkurriÃ±a, Basque Country flag This article is about the traditional overall Basque domain. ...

French

Since the 19th century Spanish-style corridas have been increasingly popular in Southern France, particularly during holidays such as Whitsun or Easter. Among France's most important venues for bullfighting are the ancient Roman arenas of Nîmes and Arles, although there are bull rings across the South from the Mediterrannean to the Atlantic coasts. A more indigineous genre of bullfighting is widely common in the Provence and Languedoc areas, and is known alternately as "course libre" or "course camarguaise". This is a bloodless spectacle (for the bulls) in which the objective is to snatch a rosette from the head of a young bull. This region consists of the southern part of France. ... The word Whitsun is another name for Pentecost It has that meaning in the following: Whitsun, a poem by Sylvia Plath The Whitsun Weddings, a poem by Philip Larkin A Whitsun Ale (esp. ... This article is about the Christian festival. ... Provence is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Frances border with Italy. ... Coat of arms of the province of Languedoc, now being used as an official flag by the Midi-PyrÃ©nees region as well as by the city of Toulouse Languedoc (LengadÃ²c in Occitan) is a former province of France, now continued in the modern-day rÃ©gions of Languedoc...

The participants, or razeteurs, begin training in their early teens against young bulls from the Camargue region of Provence before graduating to regular contests held principally in Arles and Nîmes but also in other Provençal and Languedoc towns and villages. Before the course, an encierro – a "running" of the bulls in the streets – takes place, in which young men compete to outrun the charging bulls. The course itself takes place in a small (often portable) arena erected in a town square. For a period of about 15-20 minutes, the razeteurs compete to snatch rosettes or tassels off the bulls. Afterwards, the bulls are herded back to their pen by gardians (Camarguais cowboys) in a bandido, amidst a great deal of ceremony. The star of these spectacles are the bulls, who get top billing and stand to gain fame and statues in their honor. A young razeteur flees from a bull, Arles, France Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A young razeteur flees from a bull, Arles, France Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Shoreline of the Ã‰tang de VaccarÃ¨s The Camargue is the land south of Arles, France, between the Mediterranean Sea and the two arms of the River RhÃ´ne delta at the approximate coordinates 43Â°32â€²N 4Â°30â€²E . ... Map of western Mediterranean, showing location of Arles Ruins at the Roman theatre Les Alyscamps, Falling Autumn Leaves, Vincent van Gogh, 1888 Arles (Arle in ProvenÃ§al) is a city in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-RhÃ´ne dÃ©partement, of which it is a sous-pr... Location within France NÃ®mes is a city and commune of southern France, prÃ©fecture (capital) of the Gard dÃ©partement. ... A cowboy (Spanish vaquero) tends cattle and horses on cattle ranches in North and South America. ...

Although the course camarguaise does not end in the death of the bull, it is at least as dangerous to the human contestants as a corrida. At one point it resulted in so many fatalities that the French government tried to ban it, but had to back down in the face of local opposition. The bulls themselves are also fairly small ones, much less imposing than the adult bulls employed in the corrida. Nonetheless, the bulls remain dangerous because of their mobility and impressive, vertically formed horns. Participants and spectators share the risk; it is not unknown for angry bulls to smash their way through barriers and charge the surrounding crowd of spectators.

Another type of French bullfighting is course landaise popular in Landes. In this style, cows are used instead of bulls. This is a competition between teams named cuadrillas, which belong to certain breeding estates. A cuadrilla is made up of a teneur de corde, an entraîneur, a sauteur, and six écarteurs. The cows are brought to the arena in boxes and then taken out in order. Teneur de corde controls the dangling rope attached to cow's horns and the entraîneur positions the cow to face and attack the player. The écarteurs will try to dodge around the cow in the latest instance possible and the sauteur will leap over it. Each team aims to complete a set of at least one hundred dodges and eight leaps. This is the main scheme of the "classic" form, the course landaise formelle. However, different rules may be applied in some competitions. For example, competitions for Coupe Jeannot Lafittau is arranged with cows without ropes. Although it may be seen not a dangerous sport by many, a death to note is the one of écarteur Jean-Pierre Rachou who died in 2003 when a cow's horn tore his femoral artery. Landes is a dÃ©partement in southern France. ... Femoral artery and its major branches - right thigh, anterior view. ...

Portuguese

The Portuguese now practice a type of bloodless bullfighting which is in many respects different from its original form. An idea of the original form can be contructed from the Spanish style. A Portuguese corrida de touros has three main events:

The bull is not killed in the ring and the fight is accordingly referred to as a "bloodless bullfight". After these three sets, the bull is removed from the arena alive and is sometimes killed, away from the audience's sight, by a professional butcher. More often than not, many bulls are entered into other events, such as rodeos in California, or released to pasture until their end days. Nevertheless, tradition was so strong at the small town of Barrancos, where the bull was illegally put to death in the arena, that the government was forced to relent and permit the town to follow its ancient matador tradition and kill the bull in the arena. There are many forms of traditional, popular bullfighting in Portugal, differing from the "official" version, some of which involve groups of people doing a tug-of-war with young bulls, by holding large wooden structures into which the animals charge. In the Azores, bullfighting is often remniscent of the running of the bulls in Pamplona, Spain, in which those most at risk are human beings, not the bulls themselves. This page is a list of horse and pony breeds. ... Dressage (a French term meaning training) today is a path and destination of competitive horse training, with competitions held at all levels from amateur to Olympic. ... Hunting spear and knife, from Mesa Verde National Park. ... Image File history File links Forcados. ... Image File history File links Forcados. ... Steer roping Fiesta de los Vaqueros, Tucson, AZ. Rodeo is a traditional North American sport with influences from the history of Mexican vaqueros (cowboys) and American cowboys. ... Coat of Arms Barrancos is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 168. ... Location Motto of the autonomous region: Antes morrer livres que em paz sujeitos (Portuguese: To die free rather than to be subjugated in peace) Official language Portuguese Capitals Ponta Delgada (Presidency of the autonomous government), Angra do HeroÃsmo (Supreme Court), Horta (Legislative Assembly) Other towns Praia da VitÃ³ria... Pamplona (Basque: Irunea / IruÃ±ea / IruÃ±a) is the capital city of Navarre, Spain. ...

In Portugal, some bulls have their horns severed in a way that they do not present sharp points. This practice is believed to have been introduced by King Joseph I of Portugal after a tragic event in a bullfight he was presiding. The son and heir of the Marquis of Marialva was fighting a bull on horseback when the animal wounded his horse. The young man fell, was kicked by the bull and killed. The Marquis himself, then around 70 years of age, jumped from the royal cabin that he shared with the king, drew his sword and killed the animal. Joseph I (Portuguese JosÃ©), the Reformer (Port. ... Marquis has many different meanings: Don Marquis was a writer, poet, and journalist. ...

Also in Portugal, the main stars of bullfighting are the cavaleiros, as opposed to Spain, where the matadores are the most prominent bullfighters.

Bullfights are not accepted in some parts of Portuguese society, as it is in some parts of Spanish society, and to that extent, has seen a decline in the number of spectators in those sectors. However, southern regions such as Ribatejo and Alentejo, and the Azores are traditionally more interested in the corrida de touros, than Portugal's central and northern regions, where it has little presence. Part of this decline is traceable, for good or bad, to the homogenization and uniform moral subjectivity of European culture and ethical standards. Ancient province of Ribatejo The Ribatejo is the most central region of Portugal, with no coastline or border with Spain. ... Alentejo (pron. ... The Culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures of Europe. ...

Bullfighting, while also equally of Portuguese culture, is not given the credit and recognition it is due throughout the world, as is quite often the case between Portuguese and Castillian-dominated Iberian culture (especially concerning common denominators of both cultures). This sentiment is expressed in this saying among the Portuguese, "O chão dos espanhóis é o teto dos portugueses" (The Spanish walk upon the floor, which is the ceiling for the Portuguese) Castilian is a noun and adjective that refers to the region and former kingdom of Spain; in particular, it refers to the language of this region, and is therefore considered by many to be a synonym of Spanish, though with different nuances. ... Iberia can mean: The Iberian peninsula of South west Europe; That part of it once inhabited by the Iberians, who spoke the Iberian language. ...

Cultural aspects of bullfighting

Many supporters of bullfighting regard it as a deeply ingrained integral part of their national cultures. The aesthetic of bullfighting is based on the interaction of the man and the bull. Rather than a competitive sport, the bullfight is more of a ritual which is judged by aficionados (bullfighting fans) based on artistic impression and command. Ernest Hemingway said of it in his 1932 novel Death in the Afternoon: "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honour." Image File history File links Summary Mosaik, by Bernard Sandoz (1909) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Bullfighting ... Image File history File links Summary Mosaik, by Bernard Sandoz (1909) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Bullfighting ... Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 â€“ July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. ... Categories: Literature stubs | 1932 books | Ernest Hemingway works ...

The bullfight is above all about the demonstration of style and courage by its participants. While there is usually no doubt about the outcome, the bull is not viewed as a sacrificial victim — it is instead seen by the audience as a worthy contestant, deserving of respect in its own right. If a matador is particularly poor, the audience may shift its support to the bull and cheer it on instead. A hapless matador may find himself being pelted with seat cushions as he makes his exit.

The audience looks for the matador to display an appropriate level of style and courage, and for the bull to display aggression and determination. For the matador, this means performing skillfully in front of the bull, often turning his back on it to demonstrate his mastery over the animal. The skill with which he delivers the fatal blow is another major point to look for. A skillful matador will achieve it in one stroke. Two is barely acceptable, while more than two is a botched job. Download high resolution version (2536x2115, 656 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2536x2115, 656 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Édouard Manet (portrait by Nadar) Édouard Manet (January 23, 1832 - April 30, 1883) was a noted French painter. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

The moment when the matador kills the bull is the most dangerous point of the entire fight, as it requires him to reach between the horns, head on, to deliver the blow. Matadors are at the greatest risk of suffering a goring at this point. Gorings are not uncommon and the results can be fatal. Many bullfighters have met their deaths on the horns of a bull, including one of the most celebrated of all time, Manolete, who was killed by a bull named Islero, raised by Miura and Paquirri who was killed by the bull name Avispado. Manolete Manuel Laureano RodrÃguez SÃ¡nchez (July 4, 1917 in CÃ³rdoba, Spain - August 28, 1947 in Linares, Spain), better known as Manolete, was a famous Spanish bullfighter. ... Islero was the name of the Miura bull that gored and killed the famous bullfighter Manolete. ... Miura (Japanese: 三浦市; -shi) is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

If the matador has done particularly well, he will be given a standing ovation by the crowd, who wave white handkerchiefs and sometimes throw hats and roses into the arena to show their appreciation. Occasionally, if the bull has done particularly well, it will get the same treatment as its body is towed out of the ring (although an even greater honor is for the bull to be allowed to survive due to an exceptional performance). The successful matador will be presented with colours to mark his victory and will often also receive one or two severed ears, and even the tail of the bull depending on the quality of his performance.

Bullfighting is traditionally a male sport. A very small number of women have been matadors, a recent example being Cristina Sánchez, but they have experienced considerable resistance and hostility from aficionados and other matadors. Non-Iberian or non-Latin American bullfighters, especially American, are often looked at critically and stigmatized as not being the "real-mccoy". Spanish and Portuguese bullfighting communities often even criticize each other. The Spanish sentiment is basically that the Portuguese tradition lacks nobility and denies the bull its honor while the Portuguese sentiment is basically that the Spanish tradition denies the bull its honor and is pompous and arrogant. Cristina SÃ¡nchez de Pablos (born February 20, 1972 in Madrid) is a famous former bullfighter. ... Iberia can mean: The Iberian peninsula of southwest Europe; That part of it inhabited by the Iberians, speaking the Iberian language. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

Social aspects

In the era of mounted bullfighting, it was a sport of nobility like jousting. The introduction of ground fighting allowed commoners to practice it. It became a means for poor people to achieve fame and fortune. When a famous torero was asked why he risked his life , he reportedly answered Más cornada da el hambre ("Hunger hits harder with its horns"). The maletilla or espontáneo was a poor person who illegally jumped into the ring trying to show that he could bullfight before being taken away. Bull breeders have extensive properties (generally in Andalusia, Extremadura or Castilla-La Mancha) where the bulls are raised free-range. They try to select cattle with a characteristic combination of intelligence, strength and attack-proneness. Often a star matador buys a ranch where he retires rich to breed his own pedigreed bulls. The bullfighting season coincides in each city with the local yearly festivals. Often the plazas are run by charities. After especially shocking disasters, charity corridas are organized. Jousting is a staple entertainment at Renaissance Fairs. ... Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator AndalucÃa por sÃ, para EspaÃ±a y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humankind) Capital Seville Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd 87 268 kmÂ² 17,2% Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 1st 7. ... Capital MÃ©rida Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 5th 41 634 kmÂ² 8,2% Population â€“ Total (2003) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 13th 1 073 050 2,6% 25,77/kmÂ² Demonym â€“ English â€“ Spanish â€” extremeÃ±o/a, castÃºo Statute of Autonomy February 26... Categories: Castile-La Mancha | Autonomous communities of Spain ... Free range is a method of farming husbandry where the animals are permitted to roam freely instead of being contained in small sheds and cages, as in factory farming. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Allegorical personification of Charity as a mother with three infants by Anthony van Dyck Charity, meaning selfless giving, is one conventional English translation of the Greek term agapÄ“. // Etymology In the 1400, charity meant the state of love or simple affection which one was in or out of regarding one...

Influence in art

The corrida happens to the tune of live-played Paso Dobles. Many of them were composed to honour famous toreros. Paso Doble is a lively Spanish style of dance in duple meter that was developed in France. ...

Bullfighting is seen as a symbol of Spanish character. It has inspired Francisco de Goya, Georges Bizet, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Julio Romero de Torres, Pablo Picasso,Salvador Dalí, Ernest Hemingway, Federico García Lorca, Cantinflas, Pedro Almodóvar, Fernando Botero, among many Spanish and foreign artists. The culture of Spain has roots in Iberian and Latin influences, Catholicism, Moorish Islam, tension between the centralized Castilian state and its regions, and its minority peoples. ... This article is about Francisco Goya, a Spanish painter. ... Georges Bizet Georges Bizet (October 25, 1838 â€“ June 3, 1875) was a French composer and pianist of the romantic era. ... Vicente Blasco IbÃ¡Ã±ez (January 29, 1867 - January 28, 1928) was a Spanish novelist in Spanish, a screenwriter and sometime film director. ... Julio Romero de Torres ( November 9, 1874 â€“ May 10, 1930 ) was a Spanish painter. ... Pablo Ruiz y Picasso (October 25, 1881 â€“ April 8, 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor. ... Salvador DalÃ as photographed in 1934 by Carl Van Vechten Salvador Felip Jacint DalÃ DomÃ¨nech (Catalan) Salvador Felipe Jacinto DalÃ DomÃ¨nech (Spanish), (May 11, 1904 â€“ January 23, 1989) was one of the most important painters of the 20th century. ... Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 â€“ July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. ... Federico GarcÃa Lorca Federico GarcÃa Lorca (June 5, 1898 â€“ August 19, 1936) was a Spanish poet and dramatist, also remembered as a painter, pianist, and composer. ... Mario Moreno Reyes (August 12, 1911â€“April 20, 1993), better known as Cantinflas, was a Mexican actor, circus performer and comedian. ... Pedro AlmodÃ³var (born on September 25, 1951 in Calzada de Calatrava, Spain) is an Oscar-winning Spanish filmmaker. ... Familia (1989) Fernando Botero (born 1932) is a Colombian artist who by his own admission is the most Colombian of Colombian artists. ...

Criticisms of bullfighting

Bullfighting has for many years been a controversial activity; it is widely reviled outside Spain as a gratuitously cruel blood sport. Animal welfare campaigners object strongly to bullfighting because they think that animals should not be killed or abused for entertainment. Some also think that the bull suffers severe stress or a slow, painful death. Bullfighting is banned in many countries; people taking part in such activity would be liable for terms of imprisonment for animal cruelty. "Bloodless" variations, though, are permitted and have attracted a following in California. It is notable that Spanish laws against cruelty to animals have abolished most archaic spectacles that had involved animals while including specific exceptions for bullfighting. Animal welfare supporters believe that such exemptions were passed because legislators were worried that prosecutions of bullfighting would otherwise take place. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (277x607, 114 KB) A poster at Valencias bullring advertises and upcoming fight. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (277x607, 114 KB) A poster at Valencias bullring advertises and upcoming fight. ... The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les CiÃ¨ncies by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ... A blood sport is a sport where at least two animals are removed from their natural environment, placed in an enclosed space and made to fight, for the purpose of peoples entertainment or gambling. ... Animal welfare is the viewpoint that some or all animals, especially those under human care, should be treated in such a way that they do not suffer unnecessarily. ... Cruelty to animals refers to treatment which causes unacceptable suffering to animals. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq. ... Animal welfare is the viewpoint that some or all animals, especially those under human care, should be treated in such a way that they do not suffer unnecessarily. ...

A number of animal rights or animal welfare activist groups undertake anti-bullfighting actions in Spain and other countries. In Spanish, opposition to bullfighting is referred to (somewhat inaccurately) as taurofobia. Some separatists despise bullfighting because of its association with the Spanish nation and its blessing by the Franco regime as the fiesta nacional. However, even a former Basque Batasuna leader was a novillero before becoming a politician. Barcelona came out a few years ago with a complete ban of all kinds of bullfighting in the Catalonia region as a signal of advancement and distinction along with the coming of the International Forum of Culture, and, after voting, was declared an Anti-bullfighting City - during a public event in front of Barcelona City Hall. Catalan nationalism naturally played an important role in this decision. Bullfighting has also been banned in the Canary Islands. The logo of the Great Ape Project, which is campaigning for a Declaration on Great Apes. ... Animal welfare is the viewpoint that some or all animals, especially those under human care, should be treated in such a way that they do not suffer unnecessarily. ... Francisco Franco Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo TeÃ³dulo Franco y Bahamonde (pron. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Batasuna (Unity) is a Basque political party based mainly in Spain but with a French presence, which is presumed to be associated with the Basque illegal armed group ETA. It is part of the Basque National Liberation Movement which includes social organizations, trade unions, youth (Jarrai and Gazteriak, now merged... Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in Spain. ... Capital Barcelona Official languages Catalan Spanish In Val dAran, also Aranese . ... Catalan nationalism, or Catalanism, is a political movement that advocates the political autonomy of Catalonia or the Catalan Countries and in some cases, independence from Spain and France. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

English-speaking critics often confuse the tauromachia with the coarse entertainment of "bull-baiting" formerly popular in Britain, in which packs of specially-bred bulldogs were loosed upon a bull confined within a ring or even tethered to a stake. Bull-baiting was a rustic and lower-class entertainment until the 1830s, when increased sensitivity to animal suffering made it objectionable to the governing classes and it was outlawed. Opponents of the tauromachia respond that elite social status accorded to a blood sport or ritual does not automatically excuse it. Bull-baiting was a popular amusement, particularly in 17th and 18th-century England, in which trained bulldogs attacked a tethered bull. ... For information about many breeds of the bulldog type, see Bulldog breeds. ...

"Cheating" Against the Bull

Critics of bullfights charge that, in addition to the treatment meted out to the bull in the ring, it may be mistreated in other ways immediately before the contest — for instance:

However, these views are not widely supported in the countries where Spanish-style bullfighting is practiced; the argument is that bulls are bred for the ring and live well before they are killed, living much better and freer than cattle. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2816x2112, 2691 KB) Bullfighting advertisement taken by Juan GarcÃa in LeganÃ©s at 2005-08-12 The ad is graffited with words like killers, pigs, shame on you, no bullfighting, shit of tradition File links The following pages link to... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2816x2112, 2691 KB) Bullfighting advertisement taken by Juan GarcÃa in LeganÃ©s at 2005-08-12 The ad is graffited with words like killers, pigs, shame on you, no bullfighting, shit of tradition File links The following pages link to... LeganÃ©s streets LeganÃ©s is a town in central Spain. ...

Responses to Opposition

Part of the "artistic" impression of a corrida is based on the perception of "cleanliness" of the kill; prolonged suffering is regarded as part of a very poor performance, and experienced bullfighters are able to avoid it. Some claim that the highest form of "Airs above Ground" (a component of the most famous form of Lippizan horse training) at one time was bullfighting, to use all the high precision movements learnt in the school to evade the bull and have its rider spear it was deemed the most dangerous and difficult move of all. In the modern day, the Spanish Riding School does not train horses for bullfighting. Abuses to the bull that make it less apt to fight are regarded by many aficionados as scandalous, but abuses that make it more apt to fight are not regarded in such a fashion. A Lipizzan horse in the Winter Riding School The Spanish Riding School of Vienna, Austria, is a traditional riding school for Lipizzan horses. ...

Economic reasons also may prevent mistreatment. Bull breeders invest their money in growing up the bulls and their financial stability depends on their bulls performance. If bulls are mistreated it will be obvious for the bullfight public plus the bull's conduct will be harmed probably making it weaker, more distractible, etc. The bull's attitude is essential for the correct ongoing of the bullfight. Breeders work with most of the events where their bulls will be killed, and are the first to complain if they notice they have been harmed in any way previous to the bullfight that might damage the bull's entertainment value.

There is a type of aficionado named torista. A torista concentrates on the fighting abilities, courage, and stamina of each bull. If an expert torista spots a bull obviously weakened or mistreated before the fight, this will be a bad reputation for not only the breeder but also for all people in charge of the corrida.

Famous bullfighters

Cover of Time Magazine (January 5, 1925 Juan Belmonte y GarcÃa (April 14, 1892-April 8, 1962) was considered the greatest matador of all time, and he revolutionised the art of bullfighting. ... Antonio OrdÃ³Ã±ez born Antonio OrdÃ³Ã±ez Araujo on February 16, 1932 Ronda, MÃ¡laga, AndalucÃa, Spain - December 19, 1998 He was one of the top bullfighters in his time he is the father of Carmen OrdÃ³Ã±ez, he was married to Carmen GonzÃ¡lez and Pilar Lezcano. ... Manolete Manuel Laureano RodrÃguez SÃ¡nchez (July 4, 1917 in CÃ³rdoba, Spain - August 28, 1947 in Linares, Spain), better known as Manolete, was a famous Spanish bullfighter. ... Francisco Rivera OrdÃ³Ã±ez born January 3, 1974 Madrid,Spain Grandson of the great bullfighter Antonio OrdÃ³Ã±ez he was briefly married to the daughter of the Duquesa de Alba, a member of Spains most aristocratic family, with more titles to her name than the king! They have one... Manuel BenÃtez PÃ©rez, born 4th May 1936 (probable date) in Palma del RÃo near CÃ³rdoba is known as El CordobÃ©s, the famous matador of the 1960s, who brought to the bullring an unorthodox acrobatic and theatrical style, totally indifferent to his own safety. ... Cayetano OrdÃ³Ã±ez founder of the second bullfighting dynasty was born January 24, 1904 Ronda,Spain - October 30, 1961 Madrid,Spain His parents owned a shoeshop called La Palma, which later became his nickname. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Portuguese Bullfighters

JosÃ© Carlos Frita FalcÃ£o aka JosÃ© FalcÃ³n The portuguese JosÃ© FalcÃ³n, born JosÃ© Carlos Frita FalcÃ£o in Aldeia de PÃ³voas, Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal on August 30, 1944 was a courageous portuguese matador whose bullfighting career spanned just over a decade. ...

Contents

Origins

Styles of bullfighting

Spanish

French

Portuguese

Cultural aspects of bullfighting

Social aspects

Influence in art

Criticisms of bullfighting

"Cheating" Against the Bull

Responses to Opposition

Famous bullfighters

Portuguese Bullfighters

See also

External links

Contents

Origins GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Styles of bullfighting

Spanish

French

Portuguese

Cultural aspects of bullfighting

Social aspects

Influence in art

Criticisms of bullfighting

"Cheating" Against the Bull

Responses to Opposition

Famous bullfighters

Portuguese Bullfighters

See also

External links

Origins