Angkor*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	Cambodia
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iii, iv
Reference	668
Region†	Asia-Pacific
Inscription History
Inscription	1992  (16th Session)
Endangered	1992-2004
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Map of the Angkor region in Cambodia.

Map of the Khmer empire at its height.

Photo of Angkor Wat taken in 1866 by Emile Gsell.

Angkor is a name conventionally applied to the region of Cambodia serving as the seat of the Khmer empire that flourished from approximately the 9th century to the 15th century A.D. (The word "Angkor" itself is derived from the Sanskrit "nagara," meaning "city.")^[1] More precisely, the Angkorian period may be defined as the period from 802 A.D., when the Khmer Hindu monarch Jayavarman II declared himself the "universal monarch" and "god-king" of Cambodia, until 1431 A.D., when Thai invaders sacked the Khmer capital, causing its population to migrate south to the area of Phnom Penh. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1234x932, 1139 KB) Other versions Originally from en. ... As of 2006, there are a total of 830 World Heritage Sites located in 138 State Parties. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cambodia. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Asia, Australia and the Pacific (Australasia). ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... These are thirty sites which the UNESCO World Heritage Committee has decided to include on a list of World Heritage Sites in danger; this list also shows the year in which the World Heritage committee added the site to this list. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Carte_Empire-Khmer. ... Image File history File links Carte_Empire-Khmer. ... Image File history File links Angkor Wat photographed in 1866 by Emile Gsell (1838-1879). ... Image File history File links Angkor Wat photographed in 1866 by Emile Gsell (1838-1879). ... Map of Asia and Europe circa 1200 C.E. and the golden age of Khmer Empire. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Events 31 October - Irene deposed as Emperoress of Byzantium and replaced by Nicephorus I. She is banished to Lesbos. ... The Khmer people are the predominant ethnic group in Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the 13. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Jayavarman II was the founder of a local realm in the Angkor region around 800 A.D. He is probably identical with a king called Jayavarman Ibis, mentioned in inscriptions of the years 770 and 781 A. D. The late legend (of the Sdok Kak Thom inscription dated 8th February... Year 1431 was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Phnom Penh (Khmer: ; official Romanization: Phnum Pénh; IPA: ) is the largest, most populous and capital city of Cambodia. ...

The ruins of Angkor are located amid forests and farmland to the north of the Great Lake (Tonle Sap) and south of the Kulen Hills, near modern day Siem Reap (13°24'N, 103°51'E), and are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temples of the Angkor area number over one thousand, ranging in scale from nondescript piles of brick rubble scattered through rice fields to the magnificent Angkor Wat, said to be the world's largest single religious monument. Many of the temples at Angkor have been restored, and together they comprise the most significant site of Khmer architecture. Visitor numbers approach one million annually. NASA satellite image of the Tonle Sap (the Great Lake) The Tonlé Sap (meaning Large Fresh Water River but more commonly translated as Great Lake) is a combined lake and river system of huge importance to Cambodia. ... Fruit vendor at the Siem Reap market. ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ... The period of Angkor is the period from approximately the latter half of the 8th century A.D. to the first half of the 15th century. ...

In 2007 an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest preindustrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of 1,150 square miles. The closest rival to Angkor, the Mayan city of Tikal in Guatemala, was roughly 50 square miles in total size.^[2] For other uses, see Tikal (disambiguation). ...

Historical Overview

Origin of Angkor as the Seat of the Khmer Empire

The Angkorian period may be said to have begun shortly after 800 A.D., when the Khmer King Jayavarman II announced the independence of Kambujadesa (Cambodia) from Java and established his capital of Hariharalaya (now known as "Roluos") at the northern end of Tonle Sap. Through a program of military campaigns, alliances, marriages and land grants, he achieved a unification of the country bordered by China (to the north), Champa (to the east), the ocean (to the south) and a place identified by a stone inscription as "the land of cardamoms and mangoes" (to the west). In 802 Jayavarman articulated his new status by declaring himself "universal monarch" (chakravartin), and, in a move that was to be imitated by his successors and that linked him to the cult of Siva, taking on the epithet of "god-king" (devaraja).^[3] Before Jayavarman's tour de force, Cambodia had consisted in a number of politically independent principalities collectively known to the Chinese by the names Funan and Chenla.^[4] Events December 25, Rome, coronation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) as emperor by Pope Leo III. Celtic monks begin work on the Book of Kells on the Island of Iona. ... Jayavarman II was the founder of a local realm in the Angkor region around 800 A.D. He is probably identical with a king called Jayavarman Ibis, mentioned in inscriptions of the years 770 and 781 A. D. The late legend (of the Sdok Kak Thom inscription dated 8th February... This article is about the Java island. ... NASA satellite image of the Tonle Sap (the Great Lake) The Tonlé Sap (meaning Large Fresh Water River but more commonly translated as Great Lake) is a combined lake and river system of huge importance to Cambodia. ... South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. Champa territory in green. ... Events 31 October - Irene deposed as Emperoress of Byzantium and replaced by Nicephorus I. She is banished to Lesbos. ... This article is about the Hindu God. ... Funan (Old Khmer Bnam, Modern Khmer Phnom (i. ... Chenla, known from Chinese records as Zhenla （真腊）, was an early Khmer kingdom. ...

In 889 A.D., Yasovarman I ascended to the throne.^[5] A great king and an accomplished builder, he was celebrated by one inscription as "a lion-man; he tore the enemy with the claws of his grandeur; his teeth were his policies; his eyes were the Veda."^[6] Near the old capital of Hariharalaya, Yasovarman constructed a new city called Yasodharapura. In the tradition of his predecessors, he constructed also a massive reservoir called a baray. The significance of such reservoirs has been debated by modern scholars, some of whom have seen in them a means of irrigating rice fields, and others of whom have regarded them as religiously charged symbols of the great mythological oceans surrounding Mount Meru, the abode of the gods. The mountain, in turn, was represented by an elevated temple, in which the "god-king" was represented by a lingam.^[7] In accordance with this cosmic symbolism, Yasovarman built his central temple on a low hill known as Phnom Bakheng, surrounding it with a moat fed from the baray. He also built numerous other Hindu temples and ashramas, or retreats for ascetics.^[8] Events End of Strathclyde as a fully independent kingdom. ... Khmer ruler during the end of the ninth century AD (circa 889-915 AD). ... Yasodharapura was the first capital of the Khmer empire to be built at the Angkor site. ... A baray is an artificial body of water which is a common element of the architectural style of the Khmer Empire of Southeast Asia. ... Meru may refer to: Mount Meru (Mythology), a mountain in Hindu (and Buddhist) myth. ... It has been suggested that Shiva lingham stones be merged into this article or section. ... Categories: Stub | Buildings and structures of Cambodia ... This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ...

Over the next 300 years, between 900 and 1200 AD, the Khmer empire produced some of the world's most magnificent architectural masterpieces in the area known as Angkor. Most are concentrated in an area approximately 15 miles east to west and 5 miles north to south, although the Angkor Archaeological Park which administers the area includes sites as far away as Kbal Spean, about 30 miles to the north. Some 72 major temples or other buildings dot the area. The medieval settlement around the temple complex was approximately 3,000 sq km (1,150 sq miles), roughly the size of modern Los Angeles. This makes it the largest pre-industrial complex of its type, easily surpassing the nearest claim, that of the Maya city of Tikal.^[9] Gyeonhwon formally establishes the kingdom of Hubaekje in southwestern Korea. ... Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died... Map of Asia and Europe circa 1200 C.E. and the golden age of Khmer Empire. ... Kbal Spean (Head Bridge) is an Angkorian era site on the southwest slopes of the Kulen Hills, 25 km from the main Angkor group. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... For other uses, see Tikal (disambiguation). ...

Suryvarman II and the Construction of Angkor Wat

Angkor Wat viewed from the West.

Aerial view of Angkor Wat.

King Suryavarman II holding court, as depicted in a bas relief at Angkor Wat.

The principal temple of the Angkorian region, Angkor Wat, was built between 1113 and 1150 by King Suryavarman II. Suryavarman ascended to the throne after prevailing in a battle with a rival prince. An inscription says that in the course of combat, Suryavarman lept onto his rival's war elephant and killed him, just as the mythical bird-man Garuda slays a serpent.^[10] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 557 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 627 pixel, file size: 146 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Angkor Wat (Cambodia) - seen from the west entrance. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 557 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 627 pixel, file size: 146 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Angkor Wat (Cambodia) - seen from the west entrance. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 309 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Angkor Angkor Wat Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 309 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Angkor Angkor Wat Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1758x1135, 1588 KB) Suryavarman II depicted in a bas-relief at Angkor Wat. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1758x1135, 1588 KB) Suryavarman II depicted in a bas-relief at Angkor Wat. ... Suryavarman II depicted in a bas-relief at Angkor Wat. ... Bas-relief (pronounced bah-relief, French for low relief) is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal creating a sculpture portrayed as a picture. ... Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ... Events Pierre Abélard opens his school in Paris End of Kyanzitthas reign in Myanmar Alaungsithus reign begins in Myanmar Suryavarman Is reign begins in the Khmer Empire Bridlington Priory founded Births August 24 - Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (died 1151) Stefan Nemanja, Serbian Grand Zupan Deaths... Events Åhus, Sweden gains city privileges City of Airdrie, Scotland founded King Sverker I of Sweden is deposed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden. ... Suryavarman II depicted in a bas-relief at Angkor Wat. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

After consolidating his political position through military campaigns, diplomacy, and a firm domestic administration, Suryavarman launched into the construction of Angkor Wat as his personal temple mausoleum. Breaking with the tradition of the Khmer kings, and influenced perhaps by the concurrent rise of Vaisnavism in India, he dedicated the temple to Vishnu rather than to Siva. With walls nearly one-half mile long on each side, Angkor Wat grandly portrays the Hindu cosmology, with the central towers representing Mount Meru, home of the gods; the outer walls, the mountains enclosing the world; and the moat, the oceans beyond. The traditional theme of identifying the Cambodian devaraja with the gods, and his residence with that of the celestials, is very much in evidence. The measurements themselves of the temple and its parts in relation to one another have cosmological significance.^[11] Suryavarman had the walls of the temple decorated with bas reliefs depicting not only scenes from mythology, but also from the life of his own imperial court. In one of the scenes, the king himself is portrayed as larger in size than his subjects, sitting cross legged on an elevated throne and holding court, while a bevy of attendants make him comfortable with the aid of parasols and fans. Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ... Vaishnavism is the branch of Hinduism in which Vishnu or one of his avatars (i. ... Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari ), (honorific: Sri Vishnu) also known as Narayana is the Supreme Being (i. ... This article is about the Hindu God. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Mount Meru is a sacred mountain in Hindu mythology which is believed to be the abode of Brahma and other gods. ... Bas-relief (pronounced bah-relief, French for low relief) is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal creating a sculpture portrayed as a picture. ...

Jayavarman VII, the Greatest of the Angkorian Kings

Portrait of Jayavarman VII on display at Musee Guimet, Paris.

Following the death of Suryavarman around 1150 A.D., the kingdom fell into a period of internal strife. Its neighbors to the east, the Cham of what is now southern Vietnam, took advantage of the situation in 1177 to launch a seaborne invasion up the Mekong River and across Tonle Sap. The Cham forces were successful in sacking the Khmer capital of Yasodharapura and in killing the reigning king. However, a Khmer prince who was to become King Jayavarman VII rallied his people and defeated the Cham in battles on the lake and on the land. In 1181, Jayavarman assumed the throne. He was to be the greatest of the Angkorian kings.^[12] Over the ruins of Yasodharapura, Jayavarman constructed the walled city of Angkor Thom, as well as its geographic and spiritual center, the temple known as the Bayon. Bas-reliefs at the Bayon depict not only the king's battles with the Cham, but also scenes from the life of Khmer villagers and courtiers. In addition, Jayavarman constructed the well-known temples of Ta Prohm and Preah Khan, dedicating them to his parents. This massive program of construction coincided with a transition in the state religion from Hinduism to Mahayana Buddhism, since Jayavarman himself had adopted the latter as his personal faith. During Jayavarman's reign, Hindu temples were altered to display images of the Buddha, and Angkor Wat briefly became a Buddhist shrine. Following his death, a Hindu revival included a large-scale campaign of desecrating Buddhist images, until Theravada Buddhism became established as the land's dominant religion from the 14th century.^[13] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1944 × 2592 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1944 × 2592 pixel, file size: 2. ... Guimet in his museum. ... Events Åhus, Sweden gains city privileges City of Airdrie, Scotland founded King Sverker I of Sweden is deposed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden. ... This article is about the Cham people of Asia. ... Events November 25 - Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. ... View of the Mekong before the sunset The Mekong is one of the worlds major rivers. ... NASA satellite image of the Tonle Sap (the Great Lake) The Tonlé Sap (meaning Large Fresh Water River but more commonly translated as Great Lake) is a combined lake and river system of huge importance to Cambodia. ... Yasodharapura was the first capital of the Khmer empire to be built at the Angkor site. ... Jayavarman VII (1125?-1215?) was a king of the Khmer Empire (1181 - 1215????) in present day Cambodia. ... Events Jayavarman VII assumes control of the Khmer kingdom. ... Face-tower of the South Gate, showing Avalokiteshvara Bayon temple, Angkor Thom The Terrace of the Leper King, showing apsara Angkor Thom was the fortified inner royal city built by Jayavarman VII (1181 - 1220?), Buddhist king of the Khmer Empire, at the end of the 12th Century, after Angkor had... [[Image:Bayon-temple. ... Face tower on the fifth western gopura. ... The ruined temple is still a destination for Buddhist pilgrims. ... hinduism also involves the exchange of male pun. ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Guan Yin from Mt. ... Media:Example. ... Theravada (Pali; Sanskrit: Sthaviravada) is one of the eighteen (or twenty) Nikāya schools that formed early in the history of Buddhism. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ...

Report of Zhou Daguan, Chinese Diplomat

The year 1296 marked the arrival at Angkor of the Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan. Zhou's one-year sojourn in the Khmer capital during the reign of King Indravarman III is historically significant, because he penned a still-surviving account of approximately 40 pages detailing his observations of Khmer society. Some of the topics he addressed in the account were those of religion, justice, kingship, agriculture, slavery, birds, vegetables, bathing, clothing, tools, draft animals, and commerce. In one passage, he described a royal procession consisting of soldiers, numerous servant women and concubines, ministers and princes, and finally "the sovereign, standing on an elephant, holding his sacred sword in his hand." Together with the inscriptions that have been found on Angkorian stelas, temples and other monuments, and together with the bas-reliefs at the Bayon and Angkor Wat, Zhou's journal is our most significant source of information about everyday life at Angkor. Filled as it is with vivid anecdotes and sometimes incredulous observations of a civilization that struck Zhou as colorful and exotic, it is an entertaining travel memoire as well.^[14] March 30 - Edward I stormed Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking the then Scottish border town with much bloodshed. ... Zhou Daguan (1266-1346 A.D.) was a Chinese diplomat under the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China. ... Indravarman III was a ruler of the Khmer Empire. ... Stele is also a concept in plant biology. ... Detail from the Elgin Marbles, an example of bas-relief Greek soldier in Armour in bas-relief     Bas-relief is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal. ... [[Image:Bayon-temple. ... Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ...

End of the Angkorian Period

The end of the Angkorian period is generally set at 1431 A.D., the year Angkor was sacked and looted by Thai invaders, though the civilization already had been in decline in the 13th and 14th centuries. In the course of the 15th century, nearly all of Angkor was abandoned, except for Angkor Wat, which remained a Buddhist shrine. Several theories have been advanced to account for the decline and abandonment of Angkor. Year 1431 was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ...

War with the Thai

It is widely believed that the abandonment of Angkor occurred as a result of the Thai invasions. Ongoing wars with the Thai were already sapping the strength of Angkor at the time of Zhou Daguan toward the end of the 13th century. In his memoirs, Zhou reported that the country had been completely devastated by such a war, in which the entire population had been obligated to participate.^[15] After the sack of Angkor in 1431, many persons, texts and institutions migrated to the Thai metropolis of Ayutthaya in the west, while others departed for the new center of Cambodian society at Phnom Penh in the south. Zhou Daguan (1266-1346 A.D.) was a Chinese diplomat under the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China. ... Ayutthaya (full name Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Thai พระนครศรีอยุธยา; also spelled Ayudhya) city is the capital of Ayutthaya province in Thailand. ... Phnom Penh (Khmer: ; official Romanization: Phnum Pénh; IPA: ) is the largest, most populous and capital city of Cambodia. ...

Erosion of the state religion

Some scholars have connected the decline of Angkor with the conversion of Cambodia to Theravada Buddhism following the reign of Jayavarman VII, arguing that this religious transition eroded the Hindu conception of kingship that undergirded the Angkorian civilization.^[16] According to Angkor scholar George Coedès, Theravada Buddhism's denial of the ultimate reality of the individual served to sap the vitality of the the royal personality cult which had provided the inspiration for the grand monuments of Angkor.^[17] Theravada (Pali; Sanskrit: Sthaviravada) is one of the eighteen (or twenty) Nikāya schools that formed early in the history of Buddhism. ... Jayavarman VII (1125?-1215?) was a king of the Khmer Empire (1181 - 1215????) in present day Cambodia. ... George Coedès (1886-1969)was a 20th century scholar of southeast Asian archaeology and history. ...

Neglect of public works

According to George Coedès, the weakening of Angkor's royal government by ongoing war and the erosion of the cult of the devaraja undermined the government's ability to engage in important public works, such as the construction and maintenance of the waterways essential for irrigation of the rice fields upon which Angkor's large population depended for its sustenance. As a result, Angkorian civilization suffered from a reduced economic base, and the population was forced to scatter.^[18] George Coedès (1886-1969)was a 20th century scholar of southeast Asian archaeology and history. ...

Natural disaster

Other scholars attempting to account for the rapid decline and abandonment of Angkor have hypothesized natural disasters such as earthquakes, inundations, or drastic climate changes as the relevant agents of destruction.^[19] Recent research by Australian archaeologists suggests that the decline may have been due to a shortage of water caused by the transition from the medieval warm period to the little ice age.^[20] Coedès rejects such meteorological hypotheses as unnecessary, and insists that the decline of Angkor is fully explained by the deleterious effects of war and the erosion of the state religion.^[21]

Restoration and Preservation of Angkor wat siem reap

The great city and temples remained largely cloaked by the forest until the late 19th century when French archaeologists began a long restoration process. From 1907 to 1970 work was under the direction of the École française d'Extrême-Orient, which cleared away the forest, repaired foundations, and installed drains to protect the buildings from water damage. In addition, scholars associated with the school and including George Coedès, Maurice Glaize, Paul Mus, Philippe Stern and others initiated a program of historical scholarship and interpretation that is fundamental to the current understanding of Angkor. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The École française dExtrême-Orient (EFEO) is a French institute dedicated to the study of Asian societies. ... George Coedès (1886-1969)was a 20th century scholar of southeast Asian archaeology and history. ... Maurice Glaize was the conservator of Angkor from 1937 to 1945. ... Paul Mus (1902 - 1969) was a French author and scholar. ... Philippe Stern (1895 - 1979) was a French art historian. ...

Work resumed after the end of the Cambodia civil war, and since 1993 has been jointly co-ordinated by the French and Japanese and UNESCO through the International Co-ordinating Committee on the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (ICC), while Cambodian work is carried out by the Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap (APSARA), created in 1995. Some temples have been carefully taken apart stone by stone and reassembled on concrete foundations, in accordance with the method of anastylosis. International tourism to Angkor has increased significantly in recent years, with visitor numbers reaching 900,000 in 2006; this poses additional conservation problems but has also provided financial assistance to restoration.^[22] Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Fruit vendor at the Siem Reap market. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Celsus Library in Ephesos (Turkey), anastylosis carried out 1970-1978 Anastylosis (from the Ancient Greek: ; = again, and = to erect (a stela or building)) is an archaeological term referring to a reconstruction technique where a ruined monument is restored after careful study and mensuration using original architectural elements where possible. ...

Religious History of Angkor

Historical Angkor was more than a site for religious art and architecture. It was the site of vast cities that responded to all the needs of a people, not only to specifically religious needs. Aside from a few old bridges, however, all of the remaining monuments are religious edifices. In Angkorian times, all non-religious buildings, including the residence of the king himself, were constructed of perishable materials, such as wood, "because only the gods had a right to residences made of stone."^[23] Similarly, the vast majority of the surviving stone inscriptions are about the religious foundations of kings and other potentates.^[24] As a result, it is easier to write the history of Angkorian state religion than it is to write that of just about any other aspect of Angkorian society.

Several religious movements contributed to the historical development of religion at Angkor:

• Indigenous religious cults, including those centered on worship of the ancestors and of the lingam;
• A royal personality cult, identifying the king with the deity, characteristic not only of Angkor, but of other Indic civilizations in southeast Asia, such as Champa and Java.
• Hinduism, especially Shaivism, the form of Hinduism focussed on the worship of Shiva and the lingam as the symbol of Shiva, but also Vaishnavism, the form of Hinduism focussed on the worship of Vishnu;
• Buddhism, in both its Mahayana and Theravada varieties.

It has been suggested that Shiva lingham stones be merged into this article or section. ... South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. Champa territory in green. ... This article is about the Java island. ... hinduism also involves the exchange of male pun. ... This article is about the religion Shaivism. ... For other uses, see Shiva (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Shiva lingham stones be merged into this article or section. ... Vaishnavism is one of the principal traditions of Hinduism, and is distinguished from other schools by its primary worship of Vishnu (and his associated avatars) as the Supreme God. ... Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari ), (honorific: Sri Vishnu) also known as Narayana is the Supreme Being (i. ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin from Mt. ... Theravada (Pāli: theravāda; Sanskrit: स्थविरवाद sthaviravāda; literally, the Way of the Elders) is the oldest surviving Buddhist school, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka (about 70% of the population[1]) and most of continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand). ...

Pre-Angkorian religion in Funan and Chenla

The religion of pre-Angkorian Cambodia, known to the Chinese as Funan (first century A.D. to ca. 550) and Chenla (ca. 550 - ca.800 A.D.), included elements of Hinduism, Buddhism and indigenous ancestor cults.^[25] Funan (Old Khmer Bnam, Modern Khmer Phnom (i. ... Chenla, known from Chinese records as Zhenla （真腊）, was an early Khmer kingdom. ...

Temples from the period of Chenla bear stone inscriptions, in both Sanskrit and Khmer, naming both Hindu and local ancestral deities, with Shiva supreme among the former.^[26] The cult of Harihara was prominent; Buddhism was not, because, as reported by the Chinese pilgrim Yi Jing, a "wicked king" had destroyed it.^[27] Characteristic of the religion of Chenla also was the cult of the lingam, or stone phallus that patronized and guaranteed fertility to the community in which it was located.^[28] Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Khmer can refer to, the: Khmer people, the ethnic group to which the great majority of Cambodians belong to Khmer language Khmer script Khmer Empire, which ruled much of Indochina from the 9th to the 13th centuries. ... Harihara is a term used to denote the unity of Vishnu and Shiva as one and the same with Hari being the name of Vishnu and Hara that of Shiva. ... I Ching (monk) or Yi Jing (Yijing, Yiqing, I-Tsing or YiChing) (義淨, 三藏法師義淨 635-713) is Tang Dynasty Buddhist monk, original name was Zhang Wen Ming (张文明). He contributed to the world the information of ancient Srivijaya (written in Chinese), large numbers of Buddhist scriptures, his adventure stories en route to Nalanda... It has been suggested that Shiva lingham stones be merged into this article or section. ...

Shiva and the Lingam in Angkorian state religion

The Khmer king Jayavarman II, whose assumption of power around 800 A.D. marks the beginning of the Angkorian period, established his capital at a place called Hariharalaya (today known as Roluos), at the northern end of the great lake, Tonle Sap.^[29] Harihara is the name of a deity that combines the essence of Vishnu (Hari) with that of Shiva (Hara) and that was much favored by the Khmer kings.^[30] Jayavarman II’s adoption of the epithet "devaraja" (god-king) signified the monarch's special connection with Shiva.^[31] Jayavarman II was the founder of a local realm in the Angkor region around 800 A.D. He is probably identical with a king called Jayavarman Ibis, mentioned in inscriptions of the years 770 and 781 A. D. The late legend (of the Sdok Kak Thom inscription dated 8th February... NASA satellite image of the Tonle Sap (the Great Lake) The Tonlé Sap (meaning Large Fresh Water River but more commonly translated as Great Lake) is a combined lake and river system of huge importance to Cambodia. ... Harihara is a term used to denote the unity of Vishnu and Shiva as one and the same with Hari being the name of Vishnu and Hara that of Shiva. ... Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari ), (honorific: Sri Vishnu) also known as Narayana is the Supreme Being (i. ... For other uses, see Shiva (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Shiva (disambiguation). ...

Dedicated by Rajendravarman in 948 A.D., Baksei Chamkrong is a temple-pyramid that housed a statue of Shiva.

The beginning of the Angkorian period was also marked by changes in religious architecture. During the reign of Jayavarman II, the single-chambered sanctuaries typical of Chenla gave way to temples constructed as a series of raised platforms bearing multiple towers.^[32] Increasingly impressive temple pyramids came to represent Mount Meru, the home of the Hindu gods, with the moats surrounding the temples representing the mythological oceans.^[33] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1944 × 2592 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1944 × 2592 pixel, file size: 1. ... Rajendravarman was a king of the Khmer Empire who ruled from 944 to 968 AD. His principle monuments, located in the Angkor region of Cambodias Siem Reap province, are Pre Rup and East Mebon. ... Baksei Chamkrong at Angkor, Cambodia, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva, built in the middle of the 10th century, and completed during the reign of Rajendravarman II (941-968). ... For other uses, see Shiva (disambiguation). ... Chenla, known from Chinese records as Zhenla （真腊）, was an early Khmer kingdom. ... Mount Meru is a sacred mountain in Hindu mythology which is believed to be the abode of Brahma and other gods. ...

Typically, a lingam served as the central religious image of the Angkorian temple-mountain. The temple-mountain was the center of the city, and the lingam in the main sanctuary was the focus of the temple.^[34] The name of the central lingam was the name of the king himself, combined with the suffix "-esvara" which designated Shiva.^[35] Through the worship of the lingam, the king was identified with Shiva, and Shaivism became the state religion.^[36] Thus, an inscription dated 881 A.D. indicates that king Indravarman I erected a lingam named "Indresvara." ^[37] Another inscription tells us that Indravarman erected eight lingams in his courts, and that they were named for the "eight elements of Shiva."^[38] Similarly, Rajendravarman, whose reign began in 944 A.D., constructed the temple of Pre Rup, the central tower of which housed the royal lingam called "Rajendrabhadresvara."^[39] It has been suggested that Shiva lingham stones be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the religion Shaivism. ... Indravarman I was the king of the Khmer region of Angkor, in Cambodia, from 877 to 890. ... Rajendravarman was a king of the Khmer Empire who ruled from 944 to 968 AD. His principle monuments, located in the Angkor region of Cambodias Siem Reap province, are Pre Rup and East Mebon. ... Pre Rup is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built as the state temple of king Rajendravarman and dedicated in 961 or 962. ...

An 11th or 12th century Cambodian bronze statue of Vishnu.

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 468 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1834 × 2348 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 468 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1834 × 2348 pixel, file size: 1. ...

Vaishnavism in the dedication of Angkor Wat

In the early days of Angkor, the worship of Vishnu was secondary to that of Shiva. The relationship seems to have changed with the construction of Angkor Wat by King Suryavarman II as his personal mausoluem at the beginning of the 12th century A.D. The central religious image of Angkor Wat was an image of Vishnu, and an inscription identifies Suryavarman as "Paramavishnuloka," or "he who enters the heavenly world of Vishnu."^[40] Religious syncretism, however, remained thoroughgoing in Khmer society: the state religion of Shaivism was not necessarily abrogated by Suryavarman's turn to Vishnu, and the temple may well have housed a royal lingam.^[41] Furthermore, the turn to Vaishnavism did not abrogate the royal personality cult of Angkor by which the reigning king was identified with the deity. According to Angkor scholar George Coedès, "Angkor Wat is, if you like, a vaishnavite sanctuary, but the Vishnu venerated there was not the ancient Hindu deity nor even one of the deity's traditional incarnations, but the king Suryavarman II posthumously identified with Vishnu, consubstantial with him, residing in a mausoleum decorated with the graceful figures of apsaras just like Vishnu in his celestial palace."^[42] Suryavarman proclaimed his identity with Vishnu, just as his predecessors had claimed consubstantiality with Shiva. Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari ), (honorific: Sri Vishnu) also known as Narayana is the Supreme Being (i. ... For other uses, see Shiva (disambiguation). ... Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ... Suryavarman II depicted in a bas-relief at Angkor Wat. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Vaishnavism is one of the principal traditions of Hinduism, and is distinguished from other schools by its primary worship of Vishnu (and his associated avatars) as the Supreme God. ... George Coedès (1886-1969)was a 20th century scholar of southeast Asian archaeology and history. ...

Face towers of the Bayon representing the king as a bodhisattva.

Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...

Mahayana Buddhism under Jayavarman VII

In the last quarter of the 12th century, King Jayavarman VII departed radically from the tradition of his predecessors when he adopted Mahayana Buddhism as his personal faith. Jayavarman also made Buddhism the state religion of his kingdom when he constructed the Buddhist temple known as the Bayon at the heart of his new capital city of Angkor Thom. In the famous face towers of the Bayon, the king represented himself as the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara moved by compassion for his subjects.^[43] Thus, Jayavarman was able to perpetuate the royal personality cult of Angkor, while identifying the divine component of the cult with the bodhisattva rather than with Shiva.^[44] Jayavarman VII (1125?-1215?) was a king of the Khmer Empire (1181 - 1215????) in present day Cambodia. ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin from Mt. ... [[Image:Bayon-temple. ... Face-tower of the South Gate, showing Avalokiteshvara Bayon temple, Angkor Thom The Terrace of the Leper King, showing apsara Angkor Thom was the fortified inner royal city built by Jayavarman VII (1181 - 1220?), Buddhist king of the Khmer Empire, at the end of the 12th Century, after Angkor had... Lands Bhutan â€¢ China â€¢ Korea Japan â€¢ Tibet â€¢ Vietnam Taiwan â€¢ Mongolia Doctrine Bodhisattva â€¢ Bodhicitta Karuna â€¢ Prajna Sunyata â€¢ Buddha Nature Trikaya â€¢ Eternal Buddha Scriptures Prajnaparamita Sutra Avatamsaka Sutra Lotus Sutra Nirvana Sutra VimalakÄ«rti Sutra Lankavatara Sutra History 4th Buddhist Council Silk Road â€¢ Nagarjuna Asanga â€¢ Vasubandhu Bodhidharma      A statue of a Bodhisattva, Akasagarbha. ... In Mahayana Buddhism, Avalokitesvara or Avalokiteshvara is a bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas. ... Lands Bhutan â€¢ China â€¢ Korea Japan â€¢ Tibet â€¢ Vietnam Taiwan â€¢ Mongolia Doctrine Bodhisattva â€¢ Bodhicitta Karuna â€¢ Prajna Sunyata â€¢ Buddha Nature Trikaya â€¢ Eternal Buddha Scriptures Prajnaparamita Sutra Avatamsaka Sutra Lotus Sutra Nirvana Sutra VimalakÄ«rti Sutra Lankavatara Sutra History 4th Buddhist Council Silk Road â€¢ Nagarjuna Asanga â€¢ Vasubandhu Bodhidharma      A statue of a Bodhisattva, Akasagarbha. ... For other uses, see Shiva (disambiguation). ...

The Hindu Restoration

The Hindu restoration began around 1243 A.D., with the death of Jayavarman VII’s successor Indravarman II. The next king Jayavarman VIII was a Shaivite iconoclast who specialized in destroying Buddhist images and in reestablishing the Hindu shrines that his illustrious predecessor had converted to Buddhism. During the restoration, the Bayon was made a temple to Shiva, and its image of the Buddha was cast to the bottom of a well. Everywhere, cultic statues of the Buddha were replaced by lingams.^[45] Jayavarman VIII was one of the kings of the Khmer empire. ...

One of the many temple ruins within the Angkor Archaeological Park.

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,024 × 768 pixels, file size: 338 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) One of the many temple ruins within the Angkor Archaeological Park File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,024 × 768 pixels, file size: 338 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) One of the many temple ruins within the Angkor Archaeological Park File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared...

Religious Pluralism in the era of Zhou Daguan

When Chinese traveller Zhou Daguan came to Angkor in A.D. 1296, he found what he took to be three separate religious groups. The dominant religion was that of Theravada Buddhism. Zhou observed that the monks had shaven heads and wore yellow robes.^[46] The Buddhist temples impressed Zhou with their simplicity. He noted that the images of Buddha were made of gilded plaster.^[47] The other two groups identified by Zhou appear to have been those of the Brahmans and of the Shaivites (lingam worshippers). About the Brahmans Zhou had little to say, except that they were often employed as high officials. ^[48] Of the Shaivites, whom he called "Taoists," Zhou wrote, "the only image which they revere is a block of stone analogous to the stone found in shrines of the god of the soil in China."^[49] Zhou Daguan (1266-1346 A.D.) was a Chinese diplomat under the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China. ... Theravada (Pali; Sanskrit: Sthaviravada) is one of the eighteen (or twenty) Nikāya schools that formed early in the history of Buddhism. ... Saivite: of Saivism; belonging to Saivism, the Hindu denomination that worships God Siva as the Supreme God. ... It has been suggested that Shiva lingham stones be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses of the words tao and dao, see Dao (disambiguation). ...

The triumph of Theravada Buddhism

In the course of the 13th century, Theravada Buddhism coming from Siam (Thailand) made its appearance at Angkor. Gradually it became the dominant religion of Cambodia, displacing both Mahayana Buddhism and Shaivism.^[50] The practice of Theravada Buddhism at Angkor continues until this day.

Archaeological Sites

The area of Angkor has many significant archaeological sites, including the following: Angkor Thom, Angkor Wat, Baksei Chamkrong, Banteay Kdei, Banteay Samré, Banteay Srei, Baphuon, the Bayon, Chau Say Tevoda, East Baray, East Mebon, Kbal Spean, the Khleangs, Krol Ko, Lolei, Neak Pean, Phimeanakas, Phnom Bakheng, Phnom Krom, Prasat Ak Yum, Prasat Kravan, Preah Khan, Preah Ko, Preah Palilay, Preah Pithu, Pre Rup, Spean Thma, Srah Srang, Ta Nei, Ta Prohm, Ta Som, Ta Keo, Terrace of the Elephants, Terrace of the Leper King, Thommanon, West Baray, West Mebon. Face-tower of the South Gate, showing Avalokiteshvara Bayon temple, Angkor Thom The Terrace of the Leper King, showing apsara Angkor Thom was the fortified inner royal city built by Jayavarman VII (1181 - 1220?), Buddhist king of the Khmer Empire, at the end of the 12th Century, after Angkor had... Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ... Baksei Chamkrong at Angkor, Cambodia, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva, built in the middle of the 10th century, and completed during the reign of Rajendravarman II (941-968). ... Angkor viewed from space The Bayon temple at Angkor Angkor is the ancient capital of the Khmer empire (history) which thrived from the 9th century to 15th century CE. Its ruins are located in forests to the north of the Great Lake (Tonle Sap), near present day Siem Reap, Cambodia... Banteay Samré is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia located east of the East Baray. ... Banteay Srei (or Banteay Srey) is one of the most unusual temples of Angkor, Cambodia. ... The layout of the temple as seen from above Pen and watercolor reconstruction of what the temple may have looked in the 11th century by Lucien Fournereau in 1889 The Baphuon is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia. ... [[Image:Bayon-temple. ... Angkor viewed from space The Bayon temple at Angkor Angkor is the ancient capital of the Khmer empire (history) which thrived from the 9th century to 15th century CE. Its ruins are located in forests to the north of the Great Lake (Tonle Sap), near present day Siem Reap, Cambodia... The East Baray is a baray at Angkor, Cambodia, orientated east-west and located just east of Angkor Thom. ... The East Mebon is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, located in the centre of the East Baray. ... Kbal Spean (Head Bridge) is an Angkorian era site on the southwest slopes of the Kulen Hills, 25 km from the main Angkor group. ... The Khleangs are two buildings of unknown purpose on the east side of the Royal Square in Angkor Thom, Cambodia. ... Krol Ko at Angkor, Cambodia, is a Buddhist temple built at the end of the 12th century under the rule of Jayavarman VII. It is north of Neak Pean. ... Lolei temple at Angkor, Cambodia Lolei is the northernmost temple of the Roluos group at Angkor, Cambodia. ... Neak Pean at Angkor, Cambodia is an artificial island with a Buddhist temple at the center of Jayatataka Baray, or Pool of Jayavarman. ... Phimeanakas at Angkor, Cambodia, is a Hindu temple in the Khleang style, built at the end of the 10th century, during the reign of Rajendravarman II (from 941-968). ... Categories: Stub | Buildings and structures of Cambodia ... Phnom Krom is a hilltop temple in Angkor, Cambodia. ... Prasat Ak Yum is a temple of Angkor, Cambodia. ... Angkor viewed from space The Bayon temple at Angkor Angkor is the ancient capital of the Khmer empire (history) which thrived from the 9th century to 15th century CE. Its ruins are located in forests to the north of the Great Lake (Tonle Sap), near present day Siem Reap, Cambodia... The ruined temple is still a destination for Buddhist pilgrims. ... Angkor viewed from space The Bayon temple at Angkor Angkor is the ancient capital of the Khmer empire (history) which thrived from the 9th century to 15th century CE. Its ruins are located in forests to the north of the Great Lake (Tonle Sap), near present day Siem Reap, Cambodia... Preah Palilay is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia. ... Preah Pithu is a group of five temples at Angkor, Cambodia, located in Angkor Thom east of the Terrace of the Elephants. ... Pre Rup is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built as the state temple of king Rajendravarman and dedicated in 961 or 962. ... Spean Thma at Angkor, Cambodia is known as the bridge of stone west of Ta Keo. ... Srah Srang is a baray at Angkor, Cambodia, located south of the East Baray and east of Banteay Kdei. ... Ta Nei is a late 12th Century stone temple located in Angkor, Cambodia. ... Face tower on the fifth western gopura. ... Ta Som at Angkor, Cambodia, is a small Buddhist temple dedicated to the father of King Jayavarman VII. It was built at the end of the 12th century. ... Angkor viewed from space The Bayon temple at Angkor Angkor is the ancient capital of the Khmer empire (history) which thrived from the 9th century to 15th century CE. Its ruins are located in forests to the north of the Great Lake (Tonle Sap), near present day Siem Reap, Cambodia... Terrace of the Elephants, Angkor, Cambodia The Terrace of the Elephants is part of the walled city of Angkor Thom, a ruined temple complex in Cambodia. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: it is patent nonsense. ... Thommanon at Angkor, Cambodia, is one of a pair of Hindu temples built in the end of the 11th century, completed during the reign of Suryavarman II (from 1113-1150). ... The West Baray is a baray at Angkor, Cambodia, oriented east-west and located just west of Angkor Thom. ... The West Mebon is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, located in the centre of the West Baray. ...

Terms and Phrases

• Angkor is a Khmer term meaning "city." It comes from the Sanskrit nagara.
• Banteay is a Khmer term meaning "citadel" or "fortress," which is also applied to walled temples.
• Baray means "reservoir."
• Esvara or Isvara is a suffix referring to the god Siva.
• Gopura is a Sanskrit term meaning "entrance pavilion" or "gateway."
• Jaya is a prefix meaning "victory."
• Phnom is a Khmer term meaning "hill."
• Prasat is a Khmer term meaning "tower." It comes from the Sanskrit prasada.
• Preah is a Khmer term meaning "sacred" or "holy." (Preah Khan means "sacred sword.")
• Srei is a Khmer term meaning "woman." (Banteay Srei means "citadel of women.")
• Ta is a Khmer term meaning "ancestor" or "grandfather." (Ta Prohm means "Ancestor Brahma." Neak ta means "ancestors" or "ancestral spirits.")
• Thom is a Khmer term meaning "big." (Angkor Thom means "big city.")
• Varman is a suffix meaning "shield" or "protector." (Suryavarman means "protected by Surya, the sun-god.")
• Wat is a Khmer term meaning (Buddhist) "temple." (Angkor Wat means "temple city.")

For other uses, see Shiva (disambiguation). ...

See also

• Architecture of Cambodia
• Funan
• Hindu temple architecture
• Khmer Empire
• Indosphere

The period of Angkor is the period from approximately the latter half of the 8th century A.D. to the first half of the 15th century. ... Funan (Old Khmer Bnam, Modern Khmer Phnom (i. ... Temple architecture in the Hindu tradition is connected to astronomy and sacred geometry. ... Map of Asia and Europe circa 1200 C.E. and the golden age of Khmer Empire. ... Dark blue: the Indian subcontinent, Light Blue: Other countries culturally linked to India, notably Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia and Malaysia, Purple: Regions not included in Indosphere, but with significant current or historical Indian cultural influence, notably Afghanistan, Tibet, and Yunnan province of China. ...

References

Books and Articles

• Audric, John (1972). Angkor and the Khmer Empire. London: R. Hale. ISBN 0-7091-2945-9. 
• Chandler, David (1992). A History of Cambodia. Boulder: Westview Press. 
• Coedès, George (1968). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Honolulu: East West Center Press. 
• Coedès, George (1943). Pour mieux comprendre Angkor. Hanoi: Imprimerie d'Extrême Orient. 
• Freeman, Michael; and Claude Jacques (1999). Ancient Angkor. Trumbull, Conn.: Weatherhill. ISBN 0-8348-0426-3. 
• Higham, Charles (2001). The Civilization of Angkor. Berkeley: University of California Press. 
• Stern, Philippe (1934). "Le temple-montagne khmèr, le culte du linga et le Devaraja," Bulletin de l'École française d’Extrême-Orient 34, pp. 611-616.

News Reports

• National Review: In Pol Pot Land: Ruins of varying types Sept 29, 2003.
• UNESCO: International Programme for the Preservation of Angkor Accessed 17 May 2005.
• "Climate change killed ancient city", The Australian, 2007-03-14. Retrieved on 2007-03-16. 
• "Tourist invasion threatens to ruin glories of Angkor", The Observer, 2007-02-25. 
• Angkor engineered own end. The Australian (2007-08-14). Retrieved on 2007-08-14.
• "Map reveals ancient urban sprawl", BBC News, 2007-8-14. 

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Footnotes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Angkor

• Angkor Archaeological Park travel guide from Wikitravel
• Siem Reap - The Gate to Angkor (Official Website of the Provincial Town Siem Reap on www.siemreap-town.gov.kh)
• Sacred Angkor
• Yellow Pages Cambodia 3D Map Virtual 3D Tour of the Angkor temples
• The New Tomb Raiders Article discussing the rising pressure from tourism by Roderick Eime
• Google Maps Map centered on Angkor Wat, with the Tonle Sap at the bottom.
• Greater Angkor Project International research project investigating the settlement context of the temples at Angkor
• www.theangkorguide.com Illustrated online guide to Angkor with plans and maps.
• Angkor Travel Guide Travel Guide with detailed temple descriptions, maps, photos, and background information.
• [1] High resolution NASA image
• Cambodia Cultural Profile (Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts/Visiting Arts)
• Khmer temples, maps and photos
• Historical photographs of Angkor andCambodia in the 1920s
• Angkor, the Khmer temples
• Temple Guide in Siem Reap Where to visit in Siem Reap, Cambodia?
• Photos and explanations of sites at Angkor with references to underlying stories from epics and sacred texts
• Angkor, Cambodia's Divine Legacy Special exhibition at the Museum Rietberg Zurich, 19 August until 2 December 2007
• Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, 1901-1936. Now online at gallica.bnf.fr, this journal documents cutting-edge early 20th century French scholarship on Angkor and other topics related to Asian civilizations.

Coordinates: 13°26′N, 103°50′E Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikitravel is a project to create an open content, complete, up-to-date, and reliable world-wide travel guide. ... Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ... NASA satellite image of the Tonle Sap (the Great Lake) The Tonlé Sap (meaning Large Fresh Water River but more commonly translated as Great Lake) is a combined lake and river system of huge importance to Cambodia. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...