For the saint, see Saint Anatolia.

Anatolian Plateau and Asia Minor both redirect to here. Air Anatolia was a charter airline based in Istanbul, Turkey. ... Saint Anatolia, Virgin and Martyr in the time of Decius, was put to death in the city of Thyrum, or Thurium, or Thora. ...

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Anatolia and Europe

Anatolia (Turkish: Anadolu; derives from Ancient Greek: Ανατολία, "Anatolía" (East)) is a geographic region with two related but distinctly different senses of meaning (in English-language usage) that are usually clear from the context. Image File history File links Acap. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 764 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1158 × 909 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 764 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1158 × 909 pixel, file size: 1. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Note: This article contains special characters. ...

The term refers to both the greater region, the peninsula of Southwest Asia often called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, and (somewhat incorrectly) the smaller upland region within, known more properly as the Anatolian Plateau (covered below). The peninsular region comprises the greater Asian part of the modern country of Turkey (covering 96% of its land area), as opposed to its European portion (known as Thrace or Rumelia) (4 %).^{[citation needed]} A peninsula in Croatia A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered on three or more sides by water. ...  Southwest Asia in most contexts. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak  Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Attic Greek: ThrāíkÄ“ or ThrēíkÄ“, Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... Map of Rumelia as of 1801 Rumelia (turkish: Rum: Roman El: Land Rumeli: Lands of Rome), the area that was the East Roman or Byzantine Empire, a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ...

Etymology

The name Anatolia comes from the Greek Aνατολή (Αnatolḗ) or Ανατολία (Anatolía), which means "East",^[1] and likely dates back at least three thousand years, from the Ionian settlement period circa the 1st millenium BC. (See also Ionian League). The Byzantine Greek term Anatolikon ("Eastern Ones") signified the lands to the east of Europe and of the Byzantine Empire's capital city of Constantinople (now Istanbul).^[2] Location of Ionia Ionia (Greek Ιωνία; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Ä°zmir,) on the Aegean Sea. ... (Redirected from 1st millenium BC) (2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – 1st millennium AD – other millennia) Events The Iron Age began in Western Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Buddhism was founded Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th... The Ionian League (also called the Panionic League) was a religious and cultural (as opposed to a political or military) confederacy comprised of 12 Ionian cities, formed as early as 800 BC. The cities were, (from south to north), Miletus, its principal city, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedus, Teos... Byzantine Greek is an archaic variant of Greek language derived from Koine which was used by the administration of the Byzantine Empire from 395 until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. ... Byzantine redirects here. ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ...

The Turkish form Anadolu derives from the Greek version – both of which predated the growth of Constantinople across the Bosporus strait to both continental shores. Turkish folk etymology further breaks down the geographical term into two words, Ana ("mother") and Dolu ("full"), thus "Full of Mothers", and this fancy is used to advance a pedagogical ideal: Women's contribution of mother's milk to national masculine bravery.^[3] Less literally, it is sometimes interpreted as Mother of Cities, perhaps dating to the pre-Islamic era when the Byzantine Empire was the biggest international power known in that part of Asia, and occupied the entire region. I LOVE BORAT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Two bridges cross the Bosporus. ... Over-Simplified diagram A strait is a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses. ... Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways: A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word, a false etymology. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... International Power plc is a leading independent electricity generating company with 16,642 MW (net) in operation and 1,729 MW (net) under construction. ...

History

Main article: History of Anatolia

Because of its strategic location at the intersection of Asia and Europe, Anatolia has been the center of several civilizations since prehistoric times. Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Nevali Cori, Hacilar, Göbekli Tepe, and Mersin continue to be explored by archaeologists. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken both Indo-European and Semitic languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages have radiated. Scene from southern Anatolia The History of Anatolia covers the civilizations, and states established in and around the Anatolia, a peninsula of Western Asia. ... Excavations at the South Area of Çatal Höyük Çatalhöyük (also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük, or any of the three without diacritics; çatal is Turkish for fork, höyük for mound) was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern... Çayönü is a Neolithic settlement in southern Turkey, forty kiloemtres north-west of Diyabarkir, at the foot of the Taurus mountains. ... Nevali Cori is an early Neolithic settlement in the upper Euphrates valley, eastern Turkey, around 490 m high. ... Hacilar is a Neolithic settlement in south western Turkey, 25 km southwest of present day Burdur. ... Göbekli Tepe is an early Neolithic site in southeastern Turkey. ... This article is about the city of Mersin, see Mersin Province, (named İçel province until 2002), for information about the surrounding area. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies Indo-European is originally a linguistic term, referring to the Indo-European language family. ... In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical Shem, Hebrew: שם, translated as name, Arabic: سام) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ... Hittite can refer to either: The ancient Anatolian people called the Hittites; or The Hittite language, an ancient Indo-European language they spoke. ... Luwian (sometimes spelled Luwiyan) is an Anatolian language known in three forms: (1) Cuneiform Luwian, (2) Hieroglyphic-Luwian and (3), the somewhat later Lycian. ...

The earliest definitive record of rule in Anatolia is from the Akkadian Empire under Sargon in the 24th century BCE. The main purpose of the region as far as it is known was for exporting various materials for manufacturing.^[4] Akkad suffered problematic climate changes in Mesopotamia, as well as a reduction in available manpower that affected trade. This led to the fall of the Akkadians around 2150 BCE at the hands of the Gutians.^[5] The Assyrian Empire claimed the resources for themselves after the Gutians were vanquished, notably silver. One of the numerous Assyrian cuneiform records found in Anatolia at Kanesh uses an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.^[4] The Akkadian Empire usually refers to the Semitic speaking state that grew up around the city of Akkad north of Sumer, and reached its greatest extent under Sargon of Akkad. ... Sargon may refer to: Sargon of Akkad (Å arrukînu, also known as Sargon the Great, Sargon I), Mesopotamian king, founder of the city of Agade and the Akkadian dynasty, unifier of Sumer and Akkad (2334 BC - 2279 BC). ... (Redirected from 24th century BCE) (25th century BC - 24th century BC - 23rd century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period 2350 BC - End of the Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Mesopotamia 2334 - 2279 BC... For the Egyptian writer, see Abbas Al-Akkad. ... Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ... The Akkadian Empire usually refers to the Semitic speaking state that grew up around the city of Akkad north of Sumer, and reached its greatest extent under Sargon of Akkad. ... // The Deluge tablet of the Gilgamesh epic in Akkadian. ... The Gutian kings came to some power in Mesopotamia in ca. ... This article concerns the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom. ... The Gutian kings came to some power in Mesopotamia in ca. ... blah ... Look up Cuneiform in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Kültepe is the modern Turkish name for an ancient city in central eastern Anatolia, which was also called Kârum Kanesh merchant-colony city of Kanes in Assyrian (rendered Karum Kaniş in Turkish). ...

Today, the inhabitants of Anatolia are mostly native speakers of the Turkish language, which was introduced with the gradual conquest of Anatolia by Turkic peoples from the 11th century. However, Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). The last population exchange between Greece and Turkey, occurring as result of the Treaty of Lausanne, moved most of the Turks in Greece to Turkey and vice versa. A significant Kurdish ethnic and linguistic minority exists in the southeastern regions, while Armenians and Georgians (see Chveneburi) have a presence in the northeast. Turkish ( IPA ) is a language spoken by 65–73 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... With the rise of national states and their histories, it is very hard to find reliable sources on the Ottoman concept of a nation. ... Cartoon depicting a Turk and a Greek arguing over the exchange. ... Borders as shaped by the treaty The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty that settle a part of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire that reflected the consequences of the Turkish Independence War between Allies of World War I and Turkish national movement, (Grand National Assembly... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... “Minority” redirects here. ... A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a country. ... Cheveneburi means ours in Georgian, an ethnic identity for Georgian people who live in the territory of the Republic of Turkey. ...

Geography

Anatolia lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean

The Anatolian peninsula is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea (itself an arm of the Mediterranean) to the west, and the bulk of the Asian mainland to the east. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (948x449, 661 KB)composite satellite image of Anatolia (blue marble). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (948x449, 661 KB)composite satellite image of Anatolia (blue marble). ... I LOVE BORAT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Two bridges cross the Bosporus. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... Look up Aegean Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central massif composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs, covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the Kızıl River, the coastal plains of Çukurova, and the valley floors of the Gediz River and the Büyük Menderes River, and some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around Tuz Gölü (Salt Lake) and Konya Ovası (Konya Basin). In geology, a massif is a section of a planets crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. ... In geology, a trough generally referrs to a depression that extends laterally over a distence, while being less steep than a trench. ... Deposit may refer to: Finance A deposit is a specific sum of money taken and held on account, by a bank as a service provided for its clients. ... The Kızıl River (Turkish: , Red River; ancient Greek: Άλυς Halys) is the longest river in Turkey. ... Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (Κιλικία) was a region, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. ... Gediz is a district of Kütahya Province of Turkey. ... The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander); Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Greek: Μαίανδρος) is a river in southwestern Turkey. ... Lake Tuz (Turkish: Tuz Gölü meaning Salt Lake) is the second biggest lake in Turkey, located in central Anatolian region, 105 km NE of Konya and 150 km SSE of Ankara. ... Konya (Ottoman Turkish: ; also Koniah, Konieh, Konia, and Qunia; historically also known as Iconium (Latin), Greek: Ikónion) is a city in Turkey, on the central plateau of Anatolia. ...

Background

The Black Sea region has a steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. The North Anatolian mountains are an interrupted chain of folded highlands that generally parallel the Black Sea coast. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Mountains (Turkish: Kaçkar Dağları), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Rivers flow from the mountains toward the Black Sea trough in lengthy valleys. The Pontic Mountains (Turkish DoÄŸu Karadeniz DaÄŸları) are a range of mountains in northern Turkey, whose eastern end extends into southeastern Georgia. ...

Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 metres (5,000 to 5,900 ft) in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 metres (10000 to 13000 ft) in the east in Kaçkar Mountains, form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing southwest tend to be densely wet. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia. The southern slopes—facing the Anatolian Plateau—are mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen trees. This article is about the unit of length. ... The highest peak Kaçkar Dağı from Mezovit Çayiri Kaçkar mountains or Kaçkar DaÄŸları or simply Kaçkar(s) is a mountain range rising above along the Black Sea coast in Eastern Turkey. ...

Relief map of Turkey

The narrow coastal plains of the Mediterranean region, separated from the Anatolian plateau by the Taurus Mountains, which reach elevations of 2,000 to 2,750 metres (6600 to 9000 ft), are cultivated intensively. Fertile soils and a warm climate make the Mediterranean coast ideal for growing citrus fruits, grapes, figs, bananas, various vegetables, barley, wheat, and, in irrigated areas, rice and cotton. The Çukurova in the east is a plain that is the most developed agricultural area of the Mediterranean region. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1400x752, 463 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1400x752, 463 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other uses, see Terrain (journal). ... For other uses, see Map (disambiguation). ... DirektaÅŸ, Yedi Göller (Seven Lakes), Ala DaÄŸlar. ... Fertile soil or Soil fertility is soil that can support abundant plant life, in particular the term is used to describe agricultural and garden soil. ...

Stretching inland from the Aegean coastal plain, Central Anatolia occupies the area between the two zones of the folded mountains, extending east to the point where the two ranges converge. The plateau-like, semiarid highlands of Anatolia are considered the heartland of the country. The region varies in elevation from 600 to 1,200 metres (2000 to 4000 ft) from west to east. The two largest basins on the plateau are the Konya Ovası and the basin occupied by the large salt lake, Tuz Gölü. Both basins are characterized by inland drainage. Wooded areas are confined to the northwest and northeast of the plateau.

Eastern Anatolia

Eastern Anatolia (otherwise called Armenian Highland), where the Pontus and Taurus mountain ranges converge, is rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe climate, and greater precipitation than are found on the Anatolian Plateau. The region is known as the Anti-Taurus, and the average elevation of its peaks exceeds 3,000 m. Mount Ararat, at 5,137 metres (16854 ft) the highest point in Turkey, is located in the Anti-Taurus. Lake Van is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546 metres (5072 ft). The headwaters of three major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing Aras River, which empties into the Caspian Sea; the south-flowing Euphrates and Tigris join in Iraq before emptying into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains. Armenian Highland (Armenian Upland) is part of the Transcaucasian Highland and constitutes the continuation of the Caucasus mountains. ... Mount Ararat (Turkish: , Armenian: , Kurdish: , Greek: , Persian: , Russian: , Hebrew: , Tiberian Hebrew: ) is the tallest peak in Turkey. ... Lake Van Armenian: ; (Turkish: Van Gölü; Kurdish: ) is the largest lake in Turkey, located in the far east of the country. ... The Aras (also known as Araks, Arax, Araxi, Araxes, Araz, or Yeraskh; Armenian: , Persian: , Turkish: , Azerbaijani: , Kurdish: ; Russian: ) is a river located in and along the countries of Turkey, Armenia, Iran, and Azerbaijan. ... The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the worlds largest lake or a full-fledged sea. ... For the song River Euphrates by the Pixies, see Surfer Rosa. ... The Tigris is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ...

Southeast Anatolia lies south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800 metres (2600 ft) in the north to about 500 metres (1600 ft) in the south. Traditionally, wheat and barley were the main crops of the region, but the inauguration of major new irrigation projects in the 1980s has led to greater agricultural diversity and development. Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... For other uses, see Barley (disambiguation). ... Other Turkish Topics Culture - Education Geography - History - Politics Turkey Portal The Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkish: GüneydoÄŸu Anadolu Projesi, GAP) is a multi-sector integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development for the 9 million people[1] living in a region. ...

Anatolian Plateau

Scene from southern Anatolia

Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct seasons. The Anatolian Plateau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal areas. Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of -30 °C to -40 °C (-22 °F to -40 °F) can occur in the mountainous areas in the east, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F). Annual precipitation averages about 400 mm (15.7 inches), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya Ovası and the Malatya Ovası, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 mm (11.8 inches). May is generally the wettest month and July and August are the driest. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Regions containing a continental climate exist in portions of Northern Hemisphere continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world. ... Malatia can also be a misspelling of the medical term Malacia. ...

Ecoregions of Anatolia

Mountain pastures of northern Anatolia

Anatolia's diverse topography and climate has encouraged a similar diversity of plant and animal communities. The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia, with its humid and mild climate, is home to temperate broadleaf, mixed, and coniferous forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier continental climate, is home to deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and southern Anatolia, which have a Mediterranean climate, are home to Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub ecoregions. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Temperate mixed forest in Yunnan, southwest China. ... Pine forests are an example of a temperate coniferous forests Temperate coniferous forests are a terrestrial biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest. ... Regions containing a continental climate exist in portions of Northern Hemisphere continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world. ...  Areas with Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate is a climate that resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. ... A Mediterranean forest. ...

Temperatures of Anatolia

Ankara (central Anatolia) Image File history File links Klima_ankara. ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ...

Antalya (southern Anatolia) Image File history File links Klima_antalya. ... This article is mostly about the Antalya City; for the province, see Antalya Province. ...

Van (eastern Anatolia) Image File history File links Klima_van. ...

The given names Anatoly and Anatole

The masculine given name Anatoly, common in Russia and Ukraine, and the Western European variant Anatole, common in France and other French-speaking countries, derive from "Anatolia".^{[citation needed]} Look up Appendix:Most popular given names by country in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A current understanding of Western Europe. ...

References

Pope Sixtus IV appoints Bartolomeo Platina prefect of the Vatican Library, fresco by Melozzo da Forlì, c. ...

See also

• Hittites
• Etruscans
• Phrygia
• Armenia
• Ancient Greece
• Lydia
• Lycia
• Caria
• Pamphylia
• Cilicia
• Lazistan
• Pontus
• Byzantine Empire
• Ottoman Empire
• Turkey
• Saint Anatolia, Roman Catholic Saint
• Anatolian Bulgarians

v • d • e History of Anatolia